1. Wudu T. Jemberu, M.C.M. Mourits, H. Hogeveen
Farmers’ Intentions and Perceptions That Influence Them in Implementing FMD Control in Ethiopia.
Wudu T. Jemberu, M.C.M. Mourits, H. Hogeveen
EuFMD open session 2016
Cascias, Portugal
October 26-28, 2016

2. Outline Introduction Objectives Methods Result and discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgments

3. 1. Introduction Livestock in Ethiopia
Contributes to livelihood of 65% of population
Contributes to19%GDP and 20%export
Large cattle population (57 million)
largely (99%) subsistence systems

4. Introduction...
Three main types of production systems

5. Introduction...
FMD is economically the most important disease of livestock
Endemic in Ethiopia
production losses
hampers export trade
Plan to launch official control program

6. Introduction...
Successful livestock disease control program requires the motivation of the farmers
Motivation may vary among production systems
Information about the motivation of farmers to implement different control tools in different production systems is lacking.

7. Objectives
to explore farmers’ intentions to implement foot and mouth disease (FMD) control in Ethiopia, and
to identify perceptions about the disease and its control measures that influence these intentions

8. 2. Methodology Health belief model framework
health behaviour is determined by the personal beliefs/perceptions about the disease’s risk and available control measures
The four basic perception constructs that affect behaviour/intention
perception of:
susceptibility to the disease
severity of the disease
benefits of control
barriers to implement control
Other components like modifying factors

9. HBM for FMD control

10. The variables used to measure the HBM constructs
Type of variables
Variables
Relation to the HBM constructs
Predictor variables
Gender
Modifying factors
Age “
Educational status
Production system
Cattle herd size
Contribution of livestock to livelihood
Frequency of FMD occurrence in own herd
Perceived susceptibility
Frequency of FMD occurrence in kebele
Trend of FMD outbreak occurrence
Impact of FMD relative to other production problems
Perceived severity
Impact of FMD relative to other livestock diseases
Effectiveness of vaccination against livestock diseases/FMD
Perceived benefits
Effectiveness of herd iso. & mov. rist.
Cost of FMD vaccination
Perceived barrier
Ease of handling animals for vaccination
Problem of side effects of vaccination
Ease of herd iso. & mov. rist. 
Dependent variables
Intention to implement vaccination with charge
Intention to adopt a behavior
Intention to implement herd iso. & mov. rist.

11. Methodology... Data analysis:
Intentions and perceptions were measured in percentages
Effect of perception constructs on intentions: Binary logistic regression
Effect of modifying (socio-demographic and husbandry) factors on perception constructs: Ordinal logistic regression

12. 3. Results and discussion
Intentions to implement FMD control measures
Control measures
Response
CLM
Pastor al
Market oriented  %
Vaccination at their own cost
yes 42 94 92 no 58 6 8
Vaccination free of charge 97
100 3
Herd isolation and animal movement restriction all the time 18 2 83 82 98 17
Herd isolation and animal movement restriction during outbreak 50 11 86 89 14

13. 1. Vaccination Old > young (P=0.015) Low > high (P= 0.002)
CLM> past & MO (P= 0.001)
1. Vaccination

14. 2. Herd Iso. & Mov. Restr. Low < medium, P = 0.009
CLM < past & MO, P < 0.001
CLM > Past, P > 0.001
Low< med & high, P = 0.04
Low > high, P = 0.001
CLM > MO, P< 0.001

15. 4. Conclusions The results of this study showed that: Low intention
in CLM farmers for vaccination with cost, and
in subsistence farmers (CLM and pastoral) for movement restriction.
perception of barriers are important determinants of intention.
Perceptions are different in different production systems
Disease control promotion programs designed to increase farmer participation in FMD control by vaccination and movement control should give more attention to the barriers of control measures, and
Should take into account differences in perceptions among the production systems.

16. Acknowledgements

17. THANK YOU