1. What can we learn from 15 years of VOC measurements in France?
Stéphane Sauvage, Antoine Waked, Nadine Locoge, Aude Pascaud, Patrice Coddeville, and all co-workers
Thanks to the French Ministry of Environment and ADEME
And the ACTRIS group for reactive trace gas
16th TFMM / EMEP
Cracow, Poland, 5-8 May

2. Outline - VOC issue and monitoring strategy
- Measurement method & QA/QC
- Trend analysis: Background vs Urban
- Source apportionment (works in progress)
- Conclusion and outlook
16th TFMM / EMEP
Cracow, Poland, 5-8 May

3. VOC issue
16th TFMM / EMEP
Cracow, Poland, 5-8 May

4. VOC Monitoring strategy
Objectives
From (EMEP/CCC,1990)
Current ambient concentrations
Efficiency of the emission control programme
Support to the transboundary oxidant modelling
EMEP monitoring strategy ( ) for VOCs

5. Compound list – EMEP main part or the GAW list (report n°172)
incl. 30 ozone precursors (2008/50/EC)
main part or the GAW list (report n°172)

6. VOC monitoring : French EMEP sites Localisation des sites de mesures
FR08 Donon
( )
FR15 Tardière
(>2003)
FR Cap Corsica
( )
FR13 Peyrusse Vieille
(>2001)

7. NMHC C2-C9 : Method
Sampling: Silcosteel Canisters, 2 samples/week, Mo. & Tu HTU
Automatic sampler AVOCs (Andersen co.)
Analysis: TD-GC-2FID Mines Douai Labs & Tera Envi co. (>2010)
(within 3 weeks)
Perfomances: DL=10-20 ppt, uncertainty: 5-15%
QA/QC following EMEP recomendations
+NPL standard
+ ACTRIS (WP4) « VOC Quality label » 
+ GAW audit in Dec. 2013

8. ACTRIS site comparison
 Outstanding consistency for european sites (after ACTRIS validation)
level and seasonality, and for some inter-species ratios

9. French EMEP sites : Trend analysis
 combustion products & solvents (aromatics,..)
 transport emission tracers (isoC5, Ethyne..)
 gas use tracers (ethane, propane)
Mann Kendall test (Annual means)
Change rate (%.y-1)
 significativity

10. NMVOC emissions (/SNAP) (France)
Evident link with NMVOC emission decay
Change rate (%.y-1)
1998/70/EC Car fuel regulations,
benzene in gasoline
1999/13/EC VOC emission targets and rules
(solvent use)
- 2000/69/EC limit value for benzene & CO
- National decree for gas station

11. background vs urban: Monthly mean profiles
GC/FID/FID system on-line, hourly data
Strasbourg
subUrban
Paris
Urban
Paris Strasbourg FR a Peyrusse-Vieille, FR et FR

12. Trend analysis: background vs urban
Annual means Change rate (%.y-1)
similar trends for Strasbourg
compare to FR08
Non significant trends for Paris
(strong annual variability)

13. Seasonal trends Winter (DJF) Summer (JJA) Change rate (%.y-1)
Seasonal Trends are detected for Paris
Benzene less significant in winter (Biomass burning)
The decrease of combustion products is less pronounced in winter

14. Source apportionment (1/2)
~Non indus. combustion
Factorial analysis based on observed data
(PMF) :
Highlight co-variation factors of obs. species 
to be assimilated to source signatures by:
comparing with known source profiles
(EPA/Speciate, Passent 2002, Samaleh et al 2014,..)
looking at the factor contribution
(temporal variations, diurnal, seasonal,..)
using ancillary data
(MET, other components,..)
~gasoline evaporation
~Auto exhaust
! Large dataset needed
Same profiles for the both years for Paris
And very similar for two different urban sites
EPA/PMF 5.0 unconstrainted

15. Source apportionment (2/2)
spatial and temporal variation of source impacts 
emission inventory and model assessment (in urban area)
 source apportionment ( ) and contribution trend analysis
in progress
 same approach with obs. in background sites
DE(HPB) site (Leuchner et al 2015)  Fr sites (Sauvage et al 2009)
Similar factors to be interpreted as aged profiles
 idea to Harmonize source apportionment method

16. Conclusion/outlook VOCs = relevant source tracers
Homogeneous and strong database (but from the year 2000)
Significant trends related to the NMVOC emission trends
Potentially comparison Bkg vs urban (twin sites)
Source apportionment relevant to assess inventory and study source receptor relationships (trends)
Harmonized source apportionment at an european scale
 Model & measurements
Collaborative work in progress (with NILU/Sverre Solberg)
Nested fine-scaled EMEP/WRF model runs for French sites?
 Compare biogenic VOCs  - isoprene, terpenes, carbonyls
 Study link between ozone/PM/(B)VOCs
 Study summer campaign episodes
16th TFMM / EMEP
Cracow, Poland, 5-8 May

17. Thank you !