1. Fig. 1. Bj mutant exhibits outflow tract malalignment defects.
Bj mutant exhibits outflow tract malalignment defects. (A,G) Echocardiography using color flow Doppler imaging showed in a normal E14.5 fetus (A), anterior positioning of blood flow from the aorta (Ao) emerging from the left ventricle (LV) and posterior positioning of blood flow from the pulmonary artery (PA) arising from the right ventricle (RV). In contrast, in the Bj mutant (G) fetus, blood flow streams from the outflow tract show parallel positioning, and this is associated with the mixing blood between the right ventricle and left ventricle, indicating aorta overriding the septum with a ventricular septal defect (VSD). Compass denotes orientation indicated by arrows; L, left; R, right; Cr, cranial; Cd, caudal. (B,H) Necropsy examination showed the aorta and pulmonary artery are abnormally positioned side by side in the mutant heart (H) compared to wild-type (B). RA, right atrium, LA, left atrium. (C,I) Further histopathology examination showed the Bj mutant aorta and pulmonary arteries are both connected to the right ventricle (RV), indicating it is a double outlet right ventricle (DORV) with a VSD (I). (D-F,J-L) The atrioventricular and semilunar valves are unaffected (J-L as compared to D-F, respectively; see arrowheads). TV, tricuspid valve; MV, mitral valve. Scale bars: 1 mm in A-H); 0.5 mm in C-L.
Brian C. Gibbs et al. Biology Open 2016;bio
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