1. Oil
Curtis P. Henderson

2. What is Petroleum?
Petroleum: a natural yellow-to-black flammable liquid hydrocarbon found beneath the earth’s surface
Hydrocarbon: an organic compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms

3. Petroleum Products One Barrel = 42 gallons
A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides:
Gasoline gallons
One Barrel =
42 gallons
Fuel Oil gallons
Jet Fuel gallons
Asphalt gallons
Kerosene gallons
Lubricants gallons
Petrochemicals,
other products gallons
American Petroleum Institute, 1999

4. Petroleum System Processes
Accumulation
Source Rock

5. Casing
Drill Pipe
Bit
Drilling Rig

6. Drilling
Rock Bit
Cuttings
Core (Diamond) Bit
Core

7. Petroleum System Elements
(Impermeable)
(Porous/Permeable)
Potential
Migration Route

8. Hydrocarbon Trap Types
Anticline
Fault
Salt Dome
Pinchout
Unconformity
American Petroleum Institute, 1986

9. Traps Anticlinal - Rock layers folded into a dome
Stratigraphic - Rock layers changing from a good reservoir to non-reservoir due to change in rock type (pinch-out), reservoir quality (diagenesis), or removal (erosional unconformity)
Fault - Offset of rocks such that oil and gas accumulates in reservoir rock

10. Petroleum System Elements
Source Rock - A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-prone organic matter
Reservoir Rock - A rock in which oil and gas accumulates: - Porosity - space between rock grains in which oil accumulates Permeability - passage-ways between pores through which oil and gas moves
Seal Rock - A rock through which oil and gas cannot move effectively (such as mudstone and claystone)
Migration Route - Avenues in rock through which oil and gas moves from source rock to trap
Trap - The structural and stratigraphic configuration that focuses oil and gas into an accumulation

11. Reservoir Sandstone Good Porosity = Lots of Space for Petroleum Pores
(blue)

12. = Less Space for Petroleum
Reservoir Sandstone
Pore-Filling Cement Reduces Quality
Cement
(pink)
= Less Space for Petroleum

13. Directional Drilling Avoids Surface Hazards
Gas
Oil
Water
American Petroleum Institute, 1986

14. Extended Reach Drilling
Technology Advances Result in More Cost-Effective Wells • •
Reduce friction • •
Use geology to find stable path of
least resistance
Tri-cone Drill Bit
Downhole Motor and
Steering Assembly
Logging Tool
Drag
Drag
Torque
Torque
Drill Mud reduces torque and drag
Drill Mud reduces torque and drag

15. Pipeline to Flow Process and Storage
Christmas
Tree
Pipeline to Flow Process and Storage
Surface Casing
Intermediate Casing
Production Casing
Completion
Fluid
Cement
Packer
Tubing
Well
Fluids
Oil or Gas Zone
Perforations
Completed Oil Well
Water Drive - Hydrostatic pressure pushes oil and gas to surface
Gas-Cap Drive - Expansion of gas under pressure pushes oil to surface
Dissolved-Gas Drive - Gas disseminated in oil; usually requires pumping
American Petroleum Institute, 1986

16. Secondary Recovery Water Gas
Producing Wells
Secondary Recovery
Injection
Wells
Of 60% Remaining in Reservoir
Water
Gas
Steam
Chemical
Fire
Pumped into the reservoir to force additional petroleum out of the pores in the reservoir rock

17. after World Book Encyclopedia
JMA
after World Book Encyclopedia

18. after World Book Encyclopedia

19. USA Average Wellhead Oil Price
Oil Price (1996 Dollars/Barrel) 60
1990 Gulf War
1980 Iran/Iraq War 50
1978 Iranian Revolution 40
1973 Arab Oil Embargo
$/Barrel
1967 Arab-Israeli War 30
1956 Suez Crisis 20 10
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
U.S. Department of Energy, 1996

20. Anticlinal Theory Petroleum Accumulates in Structural Closure Gas Oil
Water

21. Petroleum System, Play Definition, and Risk
Trap
Play Maps
Source Extent
Timing Sheets
Seal Extent
Time
Present
Generation and Migration
Components
HC Charge
Reservoir Extent
Preservation
Critical Reconstruction
Present
Past
Jeff Brown, Mobil, 1999

22. Seismic Imaging of Anticline
Vibrator Truck
(Energy Source)
Recording Truck
Geophone
(Receivers)
Returning
Sound Waves
American Petroleum Institute, 1986

23. LA Basin Oil Wells
Pacific Ocean

24. LOCATION MAP N L.A. Basin Long Beach Oil Field Seal Beach Oil Field
California
San Vicente
Salt Lake
Los Angeles
Beverly Hills
Sawtelle
Montebello
Las Cienegas
L.A. Basin
Cheviot Hills
Whittier
Inglewood
Sansinena
Potrero
Bandini
Playa Del Rey
Brea Olinda
Rosecrans
Santa Fe Springs
Coyote
El Segundo
Yorba Linda
Dominguez
Kraemer
Pacific
Ocean
Richfield
Torrance
Long Beach Oil Field
Seal Beach Oil Field N
Wilmington Oil Field
Newport
Huntington Beach 4 8 12
Scale in Miles