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The iRest Program For Health, Healing, Resilience, and Well-Being

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1 The iRest Program For Health, Healing, Resilience, and Well-Being
Richard Miller, PhD C-iRest, C-IAYT, ERYT500 Embodied Philosophy Summit 19: Tracing Trauma - Science & Somatics of Healing Trauma ©2018 Richard Miller

2 iRest Yoga Nidra Meditation
A Complementary Healthcare Program for Fostering Health, Healing and Unbreakable Resilience and Well-Being ~ Interconnectedness with self, others, and life (yoga) During all states (nidra) ~ In body, mind, and spirit ©2018 Richard Miller

3 iRest Program for Healing PTSD
Psychological Health Center of Excellence Walter Reed Army Medical Center Formerly: Deployments Health Clinical Center (DHCC) ©2016 Richard Miller

4 Resilience Our innate human capacity to face, respond, and be transformed by the adversities and circumstances of our life Enables us to not just survive, but to thrive in our life with… • Hardiness • Well-being • Security • Stability • Confidence We just need to know how to engage and harness resilience… Hardiness: Our positive capacity to cope with and bounce back from stress and catastrophe Well-Being: An inner felt-sense of positive wellness that can be dependent or independent of circumstances Security: Our ability to resist and feel protected from harm Stability: Our ability to stand and endure when we feel disturbed Confidence: Our ability to trust in our own reliability, power or ability ©2018 Richard Miller

5 Optimal Arousal Vagal Nervous System
Windows of Tolerance Increased sensation and emotional reactivity Disorganized cognitive processing Hypervigilance Intrusive imagery fight or flight Hyperarousal Optimal Arousal Vagal Nervous System Hypoarousal Numbing of sensation and emotions Disabled cognitive processing Reduced physical movement Freeze-Collapse ©2018 Richard Miller

6 Stress and the Brain Thinking Thalamus Occipital Hippocampus Amygdala
Relay signals Occipital Visual processing Hippocampus Perspective Consequences Amygdala Emotions, survival memory ©2018 Richard Miller

7 The challenge… Our family, cultural, social, and trauma-related experiences can diminish our ability to experience resilient wholeness As a result… Our habitual patterns can become like neural cement Rigid and unable to adapt to changing circumstances ©2018 Richard Miller

8 The Answer… Our nervous system is hardwired for experiencing unbreakable resilience We possess the capacity to nourish our neural circuitry in favor of Resilient Wholeness and Indestructible Well-Being ©2018 Richard Miller

9 Neuroscience Default Network (DN) Dorsal Attention Network (DAN)
I-Me-Mine autobiographical separate self Recursive thinking Negativity Bias Dorsal Attention Network (DAN) Focusing of attention Planning and encoding coping strategies Control Network (CN) Executive control of attention Switches between DN and DAN With permission: Brewer, et al. 2011 Bad News: Research reveals that the Default Network (DN: medial prefrontal cortex & posterior cingulate cortex) regularly highjacks attention, stimulating the brain to wander aimlessly in problematic, recursive, self-referential (I-me-mine and you-yours-they-theirs), often negative thinking and emotions (blah, blah of everyday thinking). Obsessively thinking/feeling leads to feelings of dissatisfaction and unhappiness (suffering). The brain’s DN holds us hostage in past and future thoughts/emotions, overrides our ability to engage in insightful, creative-oriented thoughts/emotions, and makes us feel unhappy and dissatisfied with the way things are. DN is implicated in lapses of attention and disorders including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, OCD, ADHD, substance abuse, autism, Tourette’s syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia (SD), psychopathy and chronic pain (among others). Good News: Research shows that practices of meditation deactivates the DN (mind-wandering, self-referential narrative I-me-mine, negative ways of thinking), increases our ability to remain task focused (CN: Fronto-Parietal), and activates the Present Centered Network (PCN: right frontal-central), which gives rise to creative thinking and insight. Residing in the PCN disrupts the way we hold ourselves in space and time as a separate self, and enables the felt-sense of no-self, and feelings of creativity and happiness to arise. Long-term meditation transforms the resting-state DN of the brain (mind-wandering, self-referenced, I-me-mine thinking) into the PCN (creative, insightful thinking). Our ability to disengage the DN through meditation, which otherwise gives rise to your unhappiness and increased vulnerability to illness, and engage the PCN, our ability to witness, remain task-focused, and engage creative and insight-oriented thinking, has critical implications for our ability to maintain health, happiness, joy, peace, and well-being. ©2018 Richard Miller

10 Bad News: Research reveals that the Default Network (DN: medial prefrontal cortex & posterior cingulate cortex) regularly highjacks attention, stimulating the brain to wander aimlessly in problematic, recursive, self-referential (I-me-mine and you-yours-they-theirs), often negative thinking and emotions (blah, blah of everyday thinking). Obsessively thinking/feeling leads to feelings of dissatisfaction and unhappiness (suffering). The brain’s DN holds us hostage in past and future thoughts/emotions, overrides our ability to engage in insightful, creative-oriented thoughts/emotions, and makes us feel unhappy and dissatisfied with the way things are. DN is implicated in lapses of attention and disorders including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, OCD, ADHD, substance abuse, autism, Tourette’s syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia (SD), psychopathy and chronic pain (among others). Good News: Research shows that practices of meditation deactivates the DN (mind-wandering, self-referential narrative I-me-mine, negative ways of thinking), increases our ability to remain task focused (CN: Fronto-Parietal), and activates the Present Centered Network (PCN: right frontal-central), which gives rise to creative thinking and insight. Residing in the PCN disrupts the way we hold ourselves in space and time as a separate self, and enables the felt-sense of no-self, and feelings of creativity and happiness to arise. Long-term meditation transforms the resting-state DN of the brain (mind-wandering, self-referenced, I-me-mine thinking) into the PCN (creative, insightful thinking). Our ability to disengage the DN through meditation, which otherwise gives rise to your unhappiness and increased vulnerability to illness, and engage the PCN, our ability to witness, remain task-focused, and engage creative and insight-oriented thinking, has critical implications for our ability to maintain health, happiness, joy, peace, and well-being. ©2018 Richard Miller With permission: Andrews-Hanna

11 Neuroscience Present Centered Mode Network Reduced Beta
Increased Gamma Innate Wholeness Resilient Well-Being Insight Infinite Possibilities Equanimity & Joy Antidote Negativity Bias With permission: Brewer, et al. 2011 Research reveals that the Default Network (DN: medial prefrontal cortex & posterior cingulate cortex) regularly highjacks attention, stimulating the brain to wander aimlessly in problematic, recursive, self-referential (I-me-mine), often negative thinking and emotions (blah, blah of everyday thinking). Obsessively thinking/feeling this way makes us feel dissatisfied and unhappy ( we suffer). In other words, the brain’s DN holds us hostage in past and future thoughts/emotions, overrides our ability to engage in insightful, creative-oriented thoughts/emotions, and makes us feel unhappy and dissatisfied with the way things are. DN has been implicated in lapses of attention and disorders such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, OCD, ADHD, substance abuse, autism, Tourette’s syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia (SD), psychopathy and chronic pain (among others). Fortunately, research shows that the practices of meditation disengages the DN, by activating the brain’s Present Centered Network (PCN), which gives rise to creative thinking and feeling that’s free of recursive, self-referential, I-me-mine, negative ways of thinking. Residing in our PCN enables us to feel creative and happy! Meditation deactivates the DN, mind-wandering, and the self-referential narrative, increases our ability to remain task focused, and engage creative insight-oriented thinking. Long-term meditation transforms the resting-state DN of the brain (mind-wandering, self-referenced, I-me-mine thinking) into the PCN (creative, insightful thinking). Our ability to disengage the DN through meditation, which otherwise gives rise to your unhappiness and increased vulnerability to illness, and engage the PCN, our ability to witness, remain task-focused, and engage creative and insight-oriented thinking, has critical implications for our ability to maintain health, happiness, joy, peace, and well-being. ©2018 Richard Miller

12 How do we engage and harness this capacity…
Neuroscience Down Regulate Default Network (DN) Deactivates mind-wandering, self-reference negative thinking Rewire new effective coping strategies Blue = decreased activity of DN With permission: Brewer, et al. 2011 Up Regulate Present Centered Network (PCN) Access equanimity, infinite possibilities of insight, and our innate unchanging, indestructible, resilient wholeness... Yellow, orange, red, brown = increased gamma With permission: Sheth et al. 2008 These two exercises shift you into your PCN, or defocused mind. Here, your DN or thinking mind, which produces your experience of past-present time, space, self, other, and recursive thinking loops, deactivates. Your mind is no longer held hostage by your DN. With practice, it’s possible for your recursive thing mind to be deactivated, and your creative mind to be your default mode way of being in the world. Welcome to the wonderful effects of meditation! Our belief in being a separate self is responsible for our experience of unhappiness, dissatisfaction, and suffering. Our ability to experience no-self uproots our I-me-mine misunderstanding of separation, uproots our sense of suffering, and allows our underlying joy, well-being, and peace of mind to become our standard way of being in the world. Isn’t taking time to meditate on a daily basis worth it! Want to make your life and the world around you a happier and more peaceful place? If so, join me, and the millions of others around the globe for meditation each morning. Let’s all make the shift to the PCN. (Yale, Brewer, 2011) How do we engage and harness this capacity… ©2018 Richard Miller

13 Fostering Resilient Wholeness
Sensing Opposites Feel your left hand Feel your right hand Feel both hands at the same time These exercises shift you into your PCN, or defocused mind. Here, your DN or thinking mind, which produces your experience of past-present time, space, self, other, and recursive thinking loops, deactivates. Your mind is no longer held hostage by your DN. With practice, it’s possible for your recursive thing mind to be deactivated, and your creative mind to be your default mode way of being in the world. Welcome to the wonderful effects of meditation! Our belief in being a separate self is responsible for our experience of unhappiness, dissatisfaction, and suffering. Our ability to experience no-self uproots our I-me-mine misunderstanding of separation, uproots our sense of suffering, and allows our underlying joy, well-being, and peace of mind to become our standard way of being in the world. Isn’t taking time to meditate on a daily basis worth it! Want to make your life and the world around you a happier and more peaceful place? If so, join me, and the millions of others around the globe for meditation each morning. Let’s all make the shift to the PCN. (Yale, Brewer, 2011) ©2018 Richard Miller

14 Fostering Resilient Wholeness
Attention Everywhere In front Behind Left Right Below Above Inside Outside Everywhere These two exercises shift you into your PCN, or defocused mind. Here, your DN or thinking mind, which produces your experience of past-present time, space, self, other, and recursive thinking loops, deactivates. Your mind is no longer held hostage by your DN. With practice, it’s possible for your recursive thing mind to be deactivated, and your creative mind to be your default mode way of being in the world. Welcome to the wonderful effects of meditation! Our belief in being a separate self is responsible for our experience of unhappiness, dissatisfaction, and suffering. Our ability to experience no-self uproots our I-me-mine misunderstanding of separation, uproots our sense of suffering, and allows our underlying joy, well-being, and peace of mind to become our standard way of being in the world. Isn’t taking time to meditate on a daily basis worth it! Want to make your life and the world around you a happier and more peaceful place? If so, join me, and the millions of others around the globe for meditation each morning. Let’s all make the shift to the PCN. (Yale, Brewer, 2011) ©2018 Richard Miller

15 Fostering Resilient Wholeness
The Felt Sense of Being Where am I? Spacious presence vs contracted and limited When am I? Timeless vs limited by time How am I? Harmonious vs lacking and flawed What am I? Connected vs confused and disconnected Who am I? Whole vs incomplete These two exercises shift you into your PCN, or defocused mind. Here, your DN or thinking mind, which produces your experience of past-present time, space, self, other, and recursive thinking loops, deactivates. Your mind is no longer held hostage by your DN. With practice, it’s possible for your recursive thing mind to be deactivated, and your creative mind to be your default mode way of being in the world. Welcome to the wonderful effects of meditation! Our belief in being a separate self is responsible for our experience of unhappiness, dissatisfaction, and suffering. Our ability to experience no-self uproots our I-me-mine misunderstanding of separation, uproots our sense of suffering, and allows our underlying joy, well-being, and peace of mind to become our standard way of being in the world. Isn’t taking time to meditate on a daily basis worth it! Want to make your life and the world around you a happier and more peaceful place? If so, join me, and the millions of others around the globe for meditation each morning. Let’s all make the shift to the PCN. (Yale, Brewer, 2011) ©2018 Richard Miller

16 Health, Healing, Resilient Wholeness Unbreakable Well-Being
iRest Yoga Nidra Meditation A complementary Healthcare program that fosters Health, Healing, Resilient Wholeness Unbreakable Well-Being ©2018 Richard Miller 16

17 iRest Comprised of evidence-based approaches: Neural Training Regimens
Targets brain plasticity: sensory-motor, limbic, and prefrontal cortical functioning Progressive Relaxation Heart Rate Variability, Respiratory Sinus Arhythmia Systematic De-Sensitization Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Rational Emotional Therapy EMDR Mindfulness

18 iRest Manualized Structured Easily Replicated
Teacher Certified Network Assessment-Driven Evidence-Based, Trauma Sensitive Secular, Easy to Follow Protocol Accessible to All Populations and Ages

19 iRest Integrative Restorative Tools for Life Cost effective
Body, Emotions, Cognitions Restorative Unbreakable Wholeness and Well-Being Tools for Life For Self-care and Self-regulation Cost effective Learned in groups, individually, recordings Clinically Researched 35+ studies Trauma Sensitive Adapted for active duty, veterans, families

20 iRest Predictable structure: Re-regulate disregulated system
Evokes relaxation, restful sleep, stress reduction Enhances mental and emotional acuity Develops internal locus of control Heals symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression

21 iRest Research PTSD, Anxiety, Depression Pain Compassion Fatigue
Walter Reed Army Medical Center Miami VA WA DC VA Compassion Fatigue Long Beach VA Institute of Noetic Sciences Resilience in Military Couples JFK University TBI Wellness, Quality of Life, Stress, Cancer, MS John Hopkins Medical Center New Jersey VA Sleep University of Missouri Columbia University Boise State University Brooke Army Medical Center Petaluma Homeless Shelter Sutter Health Medical Center Institute for Noetic Science ©201 Richard Miller •

22 iRest Benefits are cumulative and accrue from the first session
Decreases in: PTSD, Depression, anxiety Irritability, anger Intrusive thoughts Chronic pain Insomnia Use of medication Interpersonal conflicts Substance abuse relapse Increases in: Energy level Mental Focus and Clarity Comfort with situations can’t control Ability to regulate affect Greater sense of ease and well-being Restful Sleep Benefits are cumulative and accrue from the first session

23 iRest U.S. Army Surgeon General’s Pain Management Task Force
Tier 1 approach for Pain Management in Military Care Defense Centers of Excellence Successfully used in military healthcare for healing PTSD

24 Ten Steps of iRest Meditation
Heartfelt Mission Intention Inner Resource Physical Sensation Breath & Energy Emotions Cognitions Joy Awareness Integration into Daily Life ©2018 Richard Miller

25 iRest Heartfelt Mission
Provides feeling of meaning, purpose, value, mission Gives rise to unshakable resilient wholeness and well-being Energizes entire body ©2018 Richard Miller

26 iRest Intention Unbreakable vows that support us in fulfilling our heartfelt mission Wire, nourish, sustain neural connections for resilient behavior Provide energy, steadiness, balance for surfing the challenges of life ©2018 Richard Miller

27 iRest Inner Resource Innate feeling of unchanging Wholeness and Well-Being Refuge Safe Secure Supported Grounded Present Love Ease Connected Empowered Stable Expansive Flowing Open Still Clear Balanced Content Peaceful Well-Being ©2018 Richard Miller

28 iRest 4. & 5. BodySensing and BreathSensing Promotes Reduces
Physical-Mental Relaxation Executive Functioning RSA, HRV, Immune Response & CNS harmony Intra- and Interconnection Reduces Cortisol and Perception of Pain Fight-Flight-Freeze-Collapse Mechanisms Rewires Neural Networks Activates Focusing, Present-Centered Networks & Hippocampus Deactivates Default Network, Negative Recursive Thinking, Amygdala Witnessing and attention practices thickens insula, anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex: strengthens the executive center of the brain, promotes focused attention, improves interoception awareness of what’s going on in the body, which increases self-attunement, self-awareness and self-empathy, which allows us to feel seen, heard, connected and a sense of belonging to ourself and the world around us. We become more present, engaged, confident just by sensing our body and breath Practices of Breath, sound, extended exhalation: HRV Executive function governs self-regulation skills: mental processes that enable us to plan, focus attention, remember instructions, and juggle multiple tasks successfully. working memory: mental flexibility, and self-control. Each skill draws on elements of the others. The successful application of executive function skills requires them to operate in coordination with each other.  Working memory governs our ability to retain and manipulate distinct pieces of information over short periods of time. Mental flexibility helps us to sustain and shift attention in response to different demands and to apply different rules in different settings.  Self-control enables us to set priorities and resist impulsive actions or responses ©2018 Richard Miller

29 iRest 6. & 7. Feelings, Emotions and Cognitions Promotes Enhances
Emotions and thoughts as messengers Nonjudgmental welcoming Proactive engagement Self-regulation, empowerment, and social competence Internal locus of control Perspective Enhances Intra- and Inter-Connection & Communication Ability to navigate continuums of sensation, emotion, and thought Unchanging Wholeness & Well-Being, amidst changing circumstances The nature of all experiences is change: five rites: birth, growth, stability, decay, death. We go from feeling we’re living in a tight breadbox with our emotions, to feeling the spaciousness that awareness provides, no longer trapped and held hostage by any particular experience. Allows curiosity and engagement rather than fusion and contraction. Focusing attention wires neurons together into stable patterns that develop a strong sense of resiliency within ourselves. Donald Hebb: “Neurons that fire together, wire together.” The natural function of the brain is to remain open and flexible, and to learn and respond to new circumstances in wholesome ways. Welcoming opposites and proactively responding activates present-centered network and game; rewiring neurons, strengthen pre-frontal cortex, reinforces conditioning, helps integrate information and wise and resilient decision-making. Growing our capacity to welcome and respond to emotions and thoughts strengthens resiliency and our ability to cope by being able to remain calm (soothe nervous system), clarity, stay connected and draw on our skills of competency to meet the circumstances that we’re facing so that we feel courageous in the face of adversity (Graham, L., (2013) p.12). When we face adversity, we can feel alone, anxious and vulnerable. Accepting, proactively engaging and responding to feelings and thoughts develops our resources that contribute to feeling resilient. SAD (blue, gloomy, sad) MAD (irritable, angry, furious) BAD (guilty, anxious, fearful) GLAD (happy, joyous, peaceful, content) Anthropomorphize: 3 Inquiries: What do you want? What do you need? What action are you asking me to take into the world? Set realistic and achievable goals; Be willing to confront situations; Get back on the horse; Internalize self-support and self-encouragement; Emphasize strengths; Acknowledge successes Relax; Breathe; Visualize calming images; Read stories and watch films that emphasize success through hard times; Take time out; Write, draw, paint, dance Seek support: Willing to be seen, be heard, be connected and belong; Exercise; Use self-talk: Praise self for being courageous; Go Easy; Non-judging; Problem Solve; Identify problem; Challenge accuracy of emotions and beliefs, generate, evaluate, decide upon and put best solution into action Tolerance for experimentation and risk-taking; OK to make mistakes; responsibility for actions; Sense of humor; Conflict resolution and assertiveness skills Break tyranny of shoulds ©2018 Richard Miller

30 iRest 8. Joy and Well-Being Good medicine
Release of feel good hormones GABA, oxytocin, serotonin, dopamine Vaccinates against stress Reduces: anxiety, depression Boosts immune system Increases resilience & well-being Enhances restful sleep Nourishes gratitude, love, kindness, compassion, peace ©2018 Richard Miller

31 iRest 9. Awareness Shift from default to present centered network
Gain Perspective Insight , equanimity Embody empowering actions Recognize indestructible Wholeness Interconnected with self and life Ever-present Inner Resource Resilience and Well-Being ©2018 Richard Miller

32 iRest 10. Integration into the World
Resilient wholeness and well-being in every moment: Every situation paired with a harmonious response Meeting and responding Supports true health, resilience, wholeness and well-being Gratitude, Joy and Equanimity For no reason at all ©2018 Richard Miller

33 CONCLUSION ©2018 Richard Miller

34 Whatever our circumstances
iRest enhances our innate capacity for experiencing Resilient Wholeness and Indestructible Well-Being Wherever we are Whomever we’re with Whatever our circumstances They enable us to access… ©2018 Richard Miller

35 In Their Words “Instead of feeling like there is something wrong with me, iRest makes me feel like there is something right with me.” - OIF Veteran After my first class I had the first good nights sleep since Vietnam. - Vietnam Veteran “iRest has given me the hope and strength I needed to reconnect to myself and the world again.” - Iraq war Veteran “After finishing my fifth class, I went off guard duty for the first time in years! I feel great!” - OIF Veteran

36 Trained iRest Teachers in Australia
iRest Teachers Worldwide: 6000+

37 Military Vetted Mp3 Recording
42 Mp3 Recordings Military Vetted Mp3 Recording Book with 42 Meditations

38 The iRest Program For Health, Healing, Resilience, and Well-Being
Richard Miller, PhD C-iRest, C-IAYT, ERYT500 Embodied Philosophy Summit 19: Tracing Trauma - Science & Somatics of Healing Trauma ©2018 Richard Miller

39 Fostering Resilience Andrews-Hanna, J., Smallwood, J. and Spreng, R. (2014) The default network and self-generated thought: component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1316: Andrews-Hanna, J., Reidler, J., Sepulcre, J., Poulin, R. and Buckner, R. (2010) Functional-Anatomic Fractionation of the Brain’s Default Network. Neuron. 65(4): Baraz, J., and S. Alexander Awakening Joy. New York: Bantam Books. Berkovich-Ohana, A., Dor-Ziderman, Y., Glicksohn, J. and Goldstein, A. (2013) Alterations in the sense of time, space, and body in the mindfulness-trained brain: a neurophenomenologically-guided MEG study. Frontiers in Psychology. Volume 4:912. Brewer, J., Worhunsky, P., Gray, J., Tang, Y., Weber, J. and Kober. (2011) Meditation experience is associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity. PNAS. Volume 108. No. 50. Farb, N., Zindel V. Segal, Z., Mayberg, H., Bean, J. , McKeon, D. Fatima, Z. and Anderson, K. (2007) Attending to the present: mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference. SCAN. 2(4): Erikson, Erik Childhood and Society. New York: Norton (current edition: 1993). Erikson, E. (1959) Identity and the Life Cycle. New York: Norton (current edition: 1980). Erikson, E. (1982) The Life Cycle Completed. New York: Norton (current edition: 1997). Ferrarelli, F., Smith, R., Dentico, D., Riedner, B., Zennig, C., Benca, R., Lutz, A., Davidson, R. and Tononi, G. (2013) Experienced Mindfulness Meditators Exhibit Higher Parietal-Occipital EEG Gamma Activity during NREM Sleep. PLOS ONE. Volume 8(8). Gallagher, S. (2004) Philosophical conceptions of the self: implications for cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Science. 4, 14–21. ©2018 Richard Miller

40 Fostering Resilience Graham, Linda. (2013) Bouncing Back. New World Library. Novato, CA. Grotberg, E. (1993) Promoting resilience in children: A new approach. University of Alabama at Birmingham: Civitan International Research Center. Kaplan, H.B. (1999). Toward an understanding of resilience: A critical review of definitions and models. In: Glantz, M.D. & Johnson, J.L. (Eds.), Resilience and Development: Positive Life Adaptations. 17–83). New York: Kluwer . Lukey, B. and Tepe, V. (2008) Biobehavioral Resilience to Stress. CRC Press, FL. Ludwig, D., Kabat-Zinn, J., (2008) Mindfulness in Medicine. JAMA.300(11): Miller, Richard. (2015) iRest Meditation for Health, Resiliency and Well-Being. Sounds True. Boulder, CO. Miller, Richard. (2015) The iRest Program for Healing PTSD. New Harbinger. Berkeley, CA. Miller, Richard. (2005) Yoga Nidra: Restorative Practices for Health, Resiliency, and Well-Being. Sounds True. Boulder, CO. Miller, Richard. (1992) Breathing for LIfe. Anahata Press. Neisser, U. (1997) The roots of self-knowledge: perceiving self, it, and thou. Annual New York Academy of Sciences. 18, 18–33. Northoff, G., Bermpohl, F. (2004) Cortical midline structures and the self. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 8, 102–7. Sheth, B., Sandkühler, S., Bhattacharya, J. (2008) Posterior beta and anterior gamma oscillations predict cognitive insight. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 21:7: Weber. G. (2014) ©2018 Richard Miller


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