1. LASER (semiconducting Lasers)
Dr Zainovia Lockman
LASER 1 EBB 424E

2. Lecture Contents Definition of lasers
Emission and absorption of radiation
Population Inversion
Semiconducting lasers
Materials used for semiconducting laser
Laser for fibre optics communication
Quantum Well devices

3. For the Laser Course You Need:
A general reading on lasers:
A photocopy from a book by Watson p23-64 (easy read)
Population Inversion and Diode Laser:
A photocopy from Wilson and Hawkes
p (more advance reading)
P (more advance reading)
A general reading + the optical fibre application + on laser diode
A photocopy from Kasap
p (optical fibre) P
EBB 424 Lecture Presentation
EBB 424 Short Lecture Notes summarising all of the above.

4. Important Announcement 1: Test schedule
A Test on LED and laser will be conducted on:
26th September
40 objective questions

5. Assignments and Tests
Group activity 1 (presentation only) = 25% - done
Group activity 2 (open book test) = 25%
Test I = 25%
Test 2 = 25%

6. Information about the exam
Please study the pass year paper and all of the ‘typical exam questions’ presented to you in the lectures.
There will be 3.5 questions from Optoelectronics Part.
Compulsory for you to answer 2 questions from both part A and B.
Then choose one question from any parts.

7. Lecture: Laser
Objectives (by the end of the lectures on laser student will be…)
Able to state the definition of laser
Able to state the principle of population inversion
Able to explain the principle of semiconducting laser
Familiarise with the concept of light simulation and polarisation
Able to list down all materials criteria and materials selection for a given semiconducting laser compound.
Able to highlight several examples of the application of laser.

8. Diode Laser

9. Typical Application of Laser
The detection of the binary data stored in the form of pits on the compact disc is done with the use of a semiconductor laser. The laser is focused to a diameter of about 0.8 mm at the bottom of the disc, but is further focused to about 1.7 micrometers as it passes through the clear plastic substrate to strike the reflective layer. The reflected laser will be detected by a photodiode. Moral of the story: without optoelectronics there will no CD player!

10. 1. Definition of laser
A laser is a device that generates light by a process called STIMULATED EMISSION.
The acronym LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Semiconducting lasers are multilayer semiconductor devices that generates a coherent beam of monochromatic light by laser action. A coherent beam resulted which all of the photons are in phase.

11. Another Typical Application of Laser – Fibre Optics
An example of application is for the light source for fibre optics communication.
Light travels down a fibre optics glass at a speed, = c/n, where n = refractive index.
Light carries with it information
Different wavelength travels at different speed.
This induce dispersion and at the receiving end the light is observed to be spread. This is associated with data or information lost.
The greater the spread of information, the more loss
However, if we start with a more coherent beam then loss can be greatly reduced.

12. Fibre Optics Communication

13. 3 Mechanisms of Light Emission
For atomic systems in thermal equilibrium with their surrounding, the emission of light is the result of:
Absorption
And subsequently, spontaneous emission of energy
There is another process whereby the atom in an upper energy level can be triggered or stimulated in phase with the an incoming photon. This process is:
Stimulated emission
It is an important process for laser action
Absorption
Spontaneous Emission
Stimulated Emission
Therefore 3 process of light emission:

14. Absorption E1 E2

15. Spontaneous Emission

16. Stimulated Emission

17. Background Physics In 1917 Einstein predicted that:
under certain circumstances a photon incident upon a material can generate a second photon of
Exactly the same energy (frequency)
Phase
Polarisation
Direction of propagation
In other word, a coherent beam resulted.

18. Background Physics
Consider the ‘stimulated emission’ as shown previously.
Stimulated emission is the basis of the laser action.
The two photons that have been produced can then generate more photons, and the 4 generated can generate 16 etc… etc… which could result in a cascade of intense monochromatic radiation.

20. Stimulated Emission

21. Background Physics In a system, all three mechanisms occur.
However the stimulated emission is very very sluggish compared to the spontaneous emission
We need to have a much stimulated emission as possible for lasing action
How?
Refer to the board for the derivation of the Einstein’s

22. Einstein;s

23. Absorption of Light Through a Medium
Light or photon must be absorbed in order for us to have a lasing action
I(x) = I(o) exp (-x)
I(o)
I(x)

24. Absorption
Light that falls on a piece of material will decrease exponentially.
 = (N1-N2)B21(hf) n/c
N1 is often more than N2 (N1 < N2)
Example for tungsten
 is typically 106m-1 (+ve)
If we want implication,  must be –ve
i.e. N2 > N1

25. Population Inversion
Therefore we must have a mechanism where N2 > N1
This is called POPULATION INVERSION
Population inversion can be created by introducing a so call metastable centre where electrons can piled up to achieve a situation where more N2 than N1
The process of attaining a population inversion is called pumping and the objective is to obtain a non-thermal equilibrium.
It is not possible to achieve population inversion with a 2-state system.
If the radiation flux is made very large the probability of stimulated emission and absorption can be made far exceed the rate of spontaneous emission.
But in 2-state system, the best we can get is N1 = N2.
To create population inversion, a 3-state system is required.
The system is pumped with radiation of energy E31 then atoms in state 3 relax to state 2 non radiatively.
The electrons from E2 will now jump to E1 to give out radiation.

26. 3 states system

27. Population Inversion
When a sizable population of electrons resides in upper levels, this condition is called a "population inversion", and it sets the stage for stimulated emission of multiple photons. This is the precondition for the light amplification which occurs in a LASER and since the emitted photons have a definite time and phase relation to each other, the light has a high degree of coherence.

28. Typical Exam Question…
Define the term population inversion for a semiconducting laser (diode) explain what is the condition of population inversion.
Why is population inversion required for a lasing action?
(40 marks)

29. Optical Feedback
The probability of photon producing a stimulated emission event can be increased by reflecting back through the medium several times.
A device is normally fashioned in such a way that the 2 ends are made higly reflective
This is term an oscillator cavity or Fabry Perot cavity

30. Therefore in a laser…. Three key elements in a laser
•Pumping process prepares amplifying medium in suitable state
•Optical power increases on each pass through amplifying medium
•If gain exceeds loss, device will oscillate, generating a coherentoutput