1. Cognitive Therapies
Thoughts
Behaviors
Emotions

2. Cognitive therapy assumes that maladaptive behavior is the result of irrational thoughts, beliefs or ideas.
Thoughts
Behaviors
Emotions

3. Cognitive therapy assumes that maladaptive behavior is the result of irrational thoughts, beliefs or ideas.

4. Cognitive therapy assumes that maladaptive behavior is the result of irrational thoughts, beliefs or ideas.
It is a therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

5. “Men are disturbed not by things,
Cognitive therapy aligns with a saying by Epictetus, a 2nd century B.C.E. philosopher:
“Men are disturbed not by things,
but by the view which they take of them”

6. There are two schools of thought in cognitive therapy, both are very similar:
Albert Ellis
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Aaron Beck
Cognitive Therapy (CT)

7. Harry asked Sally to the concert and was turned down without reason.
Many people believe, that events are what cause people to feel emotion.
A (Activating Event)
C (Consequences)
Harry asked Sally to the concert and was turned down without reason.
Harry was dejected,
angry and depressed
A causes C

8. Albert Ellis’s view is that beliefs about the event causes the emotion.
B (Beliefs about Event)
C (Consequences)
Irrational Beliefs
It’s terrible if I get turned down.
I can’t stand this!
I’m humiliated!
Emotional Distress
Harry was dejected,
angry and depressed
A (Activating Event)
Harry asked Sally to the concert and was turned down without reason.
B (Beliefs about Event)
C (Consequences)
Rational Beliefs
“If she doesn’t want to go out with me, I will take someone else. It’s too bad, but that’s life.”
Emotional Consequence
Harry is somewhat annoyed and disappointed but is looking forward to the concert anyway

9. If you want “C” to be different, you have to change A or B
A + B = C
If you want “C” to be different, you have to change A or B
A = Activating Event
B = Beliefs
C = Emotional Consequences

10. Disputing Irrational Beliefs
If you can’t change “A,”
You must change “B.”
A = Activating Event
B = Beliefs
C = Emotional Consequences
Ellis’ Irrational Beliefs handout

11. Disputing Irrational Beliefs
Serenity Prayer
God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change;  courage to change the things I can;  and wisdom to know the difference.

12. Distortions of Thinking
Jumping to conclusions without evidence
Arbitrary interference
Personalization
Selective thinking
Assuming too much personal responsibility
Cognitive Distortions
Focusing on only one aspect of the situation
Magnification and minimization
Over-generalization
Negative events blown out of proportion; positive events ignored
Making sweeping conclusions based on only one incident

13. Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive-behavioral therapy: Learning to think more rationally and logically
Three goals:
Relieve symptoms and solve problems
Develop strategies for solving future problems
Help change irrational, distorted thinking
Cognitive–behavioral therapies are action therapies that work at changing a person’s illogical or distorted thinking.
L16.19

14. Frequency of Self-Reinforcement
Elaine Heiby believes there are two important reasons that people may engage in a low level of self-reinforcement and be depressed.
First, they may set unrealistically high goals for themselves; that is, they have aspirations beyond any hope of attainment.
Second, they may fail to attend to or discriminate a tar- get response when it occurs; that is, they fail to acknowledge success.
Score 1 point for:
T on 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 29
F on 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 30

15. Group Therapies: Not Just for the Shy

16. Types of Group Therapy There are many styles of group therapy
Counselor led groups
Groups meet with a counselor to work on a specific topic
Family Therapy Family members meet together with focus of roles, communication and how the system works
Self-help groups Group of people with similar problems meet together without therapist
Group therapy can be accomplished using many styles of psychotherapy.
Wood15.11

17. Group Therapy Advantages Disadvantages Low cost
Exposure to others with similar problems
Social interaction with others
Social and emotional support
Effective for people with social anxiety
Disadvantages
Must share therapist’s time
Lack of private setting in which to reveal concerns
Severely disordered persons unable to tolerate group
Mastering13.12

18. Evaluation of Group Therapy
Most useful for people who cannot afford individual therapy
Can provide a great deal of social and emotional support and validation
Evaluation of Group Therapy
L16.6