1. in Advancement The Next Really BIG SMALL Thing D. JAGAN MOHAN
New Technology Research Centre
University of West Bohemia
Plzen, Czech Republic

2. OUTLINE Nano..History Nano..Technology in today’s life Nano..Materials
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
Applications
Advantages/Disadvantages

3. Physics Chemistry NANOSCIENCE….. ……Incorporation of many disciplines
Engineering
Chemistry
Molecular Biology
Material Science

4. 1 nm = m
Nanotechnology is the creation and use of materials or devices at extremely small scales.
Nano is Greek for “dwarf”
Manipulation of matter < 100nm (1 10,000th the size of a bacterium)
80,000X smaller than a human hair
10 hydrogen atoms lined up measure about 1 nm
A grain of sand is 1 million nm

5. How small is Nanoscale……..?
A nanometer is…
………one billionth of a meter
DNA Sample
Approx. 2 nm
Human hair
Approx. 1 X 10-5 nm

6. Is Gold Always …….“Gold”…..?
Cutting down a cube of gold
If you have a cube of pure gold and cut it, what color would the pieces be..?
Now you cut those pieces. What color will each of the pieces be?
If you keep doing this - cutting each block in half - will the pieces of gold always look “gold”?

7. Nano-Gold Well… strange things happen at the small scale
If you keep cutting until the gold pieces are in the nanoscale range, they don’t look gold anymore… They look RED!
Nanoparticles of gold can appear red, orange or even blue depending on size.
Nano-Gold colloids exhibit different colours at different sizes and concentrations

8. Are You a Nano……bit curious…..?
Nano…sized particles exhibit different properties than larger particles of the same substance
Learn more about the nature of matter
Develop new theories
Discover new questions and answers in many areas, including health care, energy, and technology
Figure out how to make new products and technologies that can improve people’s lives

9. History
“Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?”
Dr. Richard P. Feynman
( )
1959 R. Feynman Delivers “ Plenty of Room at the Bottom”
1974 First Molecular Electronic Device Patented
1981 Scanning Tunneling Microscopic (STM)
1986 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Invented
First single-electron transistor created
1991 Carbon Nanotubes Discovered

10. Nanoscience is about the phenomena that occur in systems with nanometer dimensions.
top-down
Photolitography
Microprinting
Nanocluster
0.1 nm
1 nm
10 nm
100 nm
1 m
10 m
Biomolecules
bottom-up
Organic synthesis
Self-assembly

11. Composition Reactivity Structure Nanoparticle Properties Melting /
Boiling
Composition
Reactivity
Bonding

12. Nanoscale Size Effect
Realization of miniaturized devices and systems while providing more functionality
Attainment of high surface area to volume ratio
Manifestation of novel phenomena and properties, including changes in…
Physical Properties (e.g. melting point)
Chemical Properties (e.g. reactivity)
Electrical Properties (e.g. conductivity)
Mechanical Properties (e.g. strength)
Optical Properties (e.g. light emission)

13. Light to See Light microscope
The naked eye can see to about 20 microns
Light microscopes let us see to about 1 micron
A human hair is about microns thick
Bounce light off of surfaces to create images
Red blood cells (400x)
Light microscope
(magnification up to 1000x)

14. Bounce electrons off of surfaces to create images
Electrons to See
Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), invented in the 1930s, to see objects as small as 10 nanometers
Bounce electrons off of surfaces to create images
Higher resolution due to small size of electrons
Blood Cells
Greater resolution to see things like blood cells in greater detail

15. Touching the Surface
Scanning probe microscopes, developed in the 1980s, give us a new way to “see” at the nanoscale
We can now see really small things, like atoms, and move them too!
This is about how big atoms are compared with the tip of the microscope

16. Types of Nanomaterial Nanotube Nanopowder
Carbon nanotubes are tiny strips of graphite sheet rolled into tubes a few nanometers in diameter and up to hundreds of micrometers (microns) long.
Building blocks (less than 100 nm in diameter) for more complex nanostructures.

17. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
CNT is a tubular form of carbon with diameter as small as 1nm.
Length: few nm to microns.
100 time stronger than steel and very flexible
CNT is configurationally equivalent to a two dimensional graphene sheet rolled into a tube.
If added to materials like car bumpers, increases strength and flexibility
Efficient electrical conductors
Can act as both thermal conductors and thermal insulators

18. CNT Multiple Wall CNT (MWCNT) Single Wall CNT (SWCNT)
SWNT can be conceptualized by wrapping a one-atom-thick layer of graphite called graphene into a seamless cylinder. (diameter ~ 1nm)
Multiple rolled layers of graphene sheets (5-50 nm)
More resistant to chemical changes than SWNTs

19. Nanotube Discovery of CNT Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWNT)
[ Sumio Ijyma (Nature,1991)]
Single-Walled carbon Nanotube (SWNT)
[ Ijyma, Bethune et al. (1993)]
Single Crystals of SWNT
[ R.R.Schlittler et al. (Science, May 2001)]

20. Carbon Buckyballs (C60)
Incredible strength due to their bond structure and “soccer ball” shape
Could be useful “shells” for drug delivery
Can penetrate cell walls
Are nonreactive (move safely through blood stream)

21. Advantages Precise Nanomaterials Industrial Durable
Stronger
Lighter
Cheaper
Durable
Precise
Industrial
Computers can become a billion times faster and a million times smaller
Medical
Automatic Pollution Cleanup
End of Illnesses (i.e. cancer, heart disease)
Manufacturing at almost no cost
Universal Immunity (i.e. aids, flu)
Body Sculpting(i.e. change your appearance)

22. Applications Materials Electronics Energy Life Sciences Electronics
Nano Transistors
Nano Diodes
OLED
Materials
Nanotubes
Aerogel
Nanoparticles
Applications
Energy
Batteries
Fuel cells
Solar cells
Life Sciences
Targeted Drug Delivery
Artificial Retina
Tissue Regeneration
Electronics
Plasma Displays
Quantum Computers

23. Nano-development Power shirt Super thin battery
The perfect match for the power tie? Meet the "Power Shirt," a piece of nanotechnology-infused clothing that will be able to generate enough electricity to power small electronic devices for soldiers in the field, hikers, or just about anyone whose physical motion can be harnessed and converted to electrical energy.
Concept: Backed by Thin-film nanotechnology, super thin battery is capable of generating power up to times more than regular batteries. Boasting of merely 200 microns thickness, it is thinner than a sheet of paper. It consists of lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) that imparts it with its flexible quality and increased storage capacity. In addition, it gets charged up to 80% in just 15 minutes.

24. Information Technology
Nanotechnology in
Every field
Energy
Solar cells
Fuel cells
Batteries
Bio fuels
Information Technology
Smaller, faster, more energy efficient and powerful computing and other IT-based systems
Consumer Foods
Foods and beverages
Advanced packaging materials, sensors,
Appliances and textiles
Stain proof, water proof / wrinkle free textiles
Household and cosmetics
Self-cleaning and scratch free products, paints
Medicine
Cancer treatment
Bone treatment
Drug delivery
Appetite control
Drug development
Medical tools
Diagnostic tests
Imaging

25. Disadvantages Loss of jobs (in manufacturing, farming, etc)
Carbon Nanotubes could cause infection of lungs
Oil & Diamonds could become worthless
Atomic weapons could be more accessible and destructive

26. CONCLUSION…..
Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that will change the nature of almost every human-made object in the next century.”
The Beginning…

27. Thank
You