1. Evolution &
Classification
Review

2. Rules for Science Hangman
Rock-paper-scissors OR a roll of the die (highest number) determines who goes first. Clockwise order from first group.
Each group gets two questions. You have 30 seconds to answer. If answered correctly, you get 5 points and must pick a consonant in the phrase. You get 15 seconds to pick a consonant. If the consonant is not in the phrase, you lose your turn.
I will call on someone. If someone yells out an answer, the group loses its turn.
If you guess the phrase, you get 15 points; BUT, you must answer a question correctly to guess the phrase.
Slides with a dark blue background are “free-for-all” questions; the first group to “squeek in” may answer the question. However, while you can add 5 points, an incorrect answer will cost you 5 points.
If a group answers the “squeek in” incorrectly, any other group may try.
If no group squeeks in, the question belongs to the group whose turn it is.
Free-for-all questions do not change the order of the questions except for that one question. Each group gets two questions, apart from squeek in question.
Squeeking at an inappropriate time costs 5 points.

3. The cladogram compares the DNA sequences of six birds.
Which bird’s DNA sequence
differs from the other birds
by the greatest amount?
flamingo
ibis
shoebill
New World vulture
millions of years ago

4. This is a cladogram of an unidentified animal group. 9 B F 6 8 7 4 5 3 2 1
This is a cladogram of an unidentified animal group.
Identify the outgroup. A
Which of these groups are extinct species?
B and F

5. C D E G H A 9 B F 6 8 7 4 5 3 2 1
This is the same cladogram of an unidentified animal group.
Which of the following is a clade?
1, 2, 3, 4
B, C, D
E, F, G, H
A, B, C, D

6. The phylogenies below show two hypotheses regarding the relationships among vertebrates. The phylogeny on the right groups sharks and ray-finned fish together as a clade, and the phylogeny on the left does not. Which hypothesis is more likely to be accurate, and upon what do you base your answer?
Based on the rule of parsimony, hypothesis 1 is simpler and therefore accepted as more accurate.

7. C D E G H A 9 B F 6 8 7 4 5 3 2 1
This is the same cladogram of an unidentified animal group.
Which of the following is a shared derived character? 5 4 9 1

8. Which of the following is a correct explanation of a derived character?
The presence of a backbone is a derived character of mammals because all mammals have a backbone.
The presence of four limbs is a derived character of snakes because the ancestors of modern snakes had limbs, even though modern snakes do not.
The presence of hair is a derived character of mammals because all mammals have hair and no other animals do.
Retractable claws are a derived character of carnivores because some of the animals that are carnivores have retractable claws.

9. C D E G H A 9 B F 6 8 7 4 5 3 2 1
This is the same cladogram of an unidentified animal group.
Which organisms share derived trait #2?
All of the organisms
All except A
Only B, C and D
Only B

10. C D E G H A 9 B F 6 8 7 4 5 3 2 1
This is the same cladogram of an unidentified animal group.
Which organisms share derived trait #7?
E only
F and G only
E, F and G
E, F, G and H

11. Which domain contains organisms that have cell membranes containing peptidoglycan?
Animalia
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Protista
Which of the following classification levels contains many different classes of organisms?
Phylum
Order
Family
Genus
Species

12. The scientific name is comprised of which two classification categories?
genus and species
Which of the following scientific names is in the correct format?
Felis Concolor
Felis concolor
What did the Grants learn about mate choice from the Galapagos finches?
Phenotype plays no role in mate choice.
Finches prefer mates with beaks similar in size to their own.
Finches prefer mates with smaller beaks than their own.
Finches prefer mates with larger beaks than their own.

13. Vertebrate forelimbs are examples of
analogous body structures.
homologous body structures.
vestigial body structures.
convergent evolution.

14. Who developed a scientific theory that explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors?
Charles Darwin
What was the name of the ship to which Darwin was attached as ship naturalist?
HMS Beagle
-?- is defined as change over time.
evolution
-?- is defined as descent with modification.
evolution theory
The science of naming and grouping organisms is called:
paleontology.
anatomy.
botany.
systematics.
categorization.

15. Hind limbs in a whale embryo are
evidence that whales walk before they swim.
vestigial structures that are reabsorbed as it continues to grow.
fossil evidence of evolution.
molecular evidence of evolution.
evidence that whales are not closely related to dolphins.

16. Darwin realized that members of populations compete for food, living space, and other necessities. This is known as
competition, or the struggle for existence.
variation and adaptation.
survival of the fittest.
natural selection.
none of the above.
Both bats and mosquitoes have wings. This is an example of a(n)
homologous structures.
vestigial structures.
homeotic structures.
analogous structures.
adaptive derivative structures.

17. Amino Acid Differences in Cytochrome-C
To determine how organisms are related, some biologists compared the genetic code for the protein cytochrome-C found in different organisms.
Amino Acid Differences in Cytochrome-C
(per 100 residues)
Compared Groups
# of Differences
Algae vs. Animals 62
Flowering Plants vs. Algae 59
Flowering Plants vs. Animals 52
Cladogram
Based on the cladogram and the data in the table, which is the most accurate prediction about moss?
Moss will be more closely related to algae than to flowering plants.
Moss will be more closely related to animals than to flowering plants.
A comparison of moss and flowering plants will result in less than 52 differences.
A comparison of moss and flowering plants will result in more than 52 differences.

18. In a muddy pond, light-colored fish are more likely to be eaten than dark-colored fish. Dark coloring is an example of
artificial selection.
mutation.
fossil evidence.
adaptation.
none of the above.
All of the following are evidences that support Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection EXCEPT:
comparative embryology.
fossil evidence.
DNA.
convergent evolution.
paleobiogeography.

19. Solely from its name, you know that Rhizopus nigricans must be
in the genus nigricans.
in the genus Rhizopus.
a fungus.
an animal.
a plant.
Which category is larger than kingdom?
domain
In Linnaeus’ system of classifying organisms, orders are grouped together into:
genera.
species.
classes.
families.
none of the above.
What does each individual node in a cladogram represent?
an ancestor

20. Often, the second part of a scientific name is:
a description of a trait or habitat.
the same as for other members of the same genus.
capitalized if it derives from a proper name.
different in different locations.
In biology, primitive means:
less advanced.
not well-developed.
a preliterate, nonindustrial culture.
ancient.

21. Why are scientific names a necessity
Why are scientific names a necessity? Accurate communication – science involves not only trying to solve problems through experimentation, but also communicating what you have discovered to others. Common names are inaccurate because they are not the same worldwide or even within different regions of the same country.
Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do NOT belong to the same:
class.
family.
genus.
species.

22. In 2016 a MHS PreAP biology class is investigating why penicillin, an antibiotic, has become less effective in treating a bacterial infection. They repeat an experiment first conducted in England in 1940 that proved penicillin was effective. After following the same experimental methods, the class’ results show penicillin to be less effective in killing the bacteria. What most likely is the reason for the different results between the two experiments?
The two experiments were conducted in different years.
The two experiments were conducted in different countries.
All bacteria developed resistance over time in response to the use of penicillin.
Penicillin-resistant forms of the bacteria have become more common since 1940.

23. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are usually the ones best adapted for their environment. Their survival is due to the
possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness.
possession of adaptations developed through use.
lack of competition within the species.
environment having unlimited resources.
lack of genetic diversity within species.

24. A farmer treated his crops with an insecticide that was 95% efficient
A farmer treated his crops with an insecticide that was 95% efficient. The trend graph shows an increase in insecticide resistance because of insecticide overuse in the environment over time.
Which statement best explains why insects become insecticide resistant?
The insects become resistant because of better nutrition and crop fertilizers.
The insecticide chemicals degrade over time and become ineffective.
Some resistant insects pass the trait to their offspring.
Some resistant insects pass the trait to their nonresistant mates.

25. Each of the following is a condition necessary for natural selection to occur EXCEPT
more offspring are born than can survive.
population size is very large.
relative fitness varies among individuals.
there is heritable variation among members of the population.
individuals within the population must compete for limited resources.
The principle of common descent helps explain why:
well-adapted species have many offspring.
environmental conditions ensure a species’ survival.
tigers are physically and behaviorally so different from cheetahs.
birds and reptiles share many inherited characteristics.
hybrid offspring are infertile.

26. The evolutionary history of an organism is its
phylogeny.
cladistics.
systematics.
taxonomy.
Which domain contains organisms that lack a nucleus and have peptidoglycan in their cell membrane?
Bacteria
Which of the following embryologic structures is NOT found in a human embryo?
tail bone, or coccyx.
postanal tail.
limb buds.
gill slits.
fins.

27. The larvae of four closely related beetle species consume ants of a particular species. Each beetle species has developed a different strategy for acquiring food. The table shows details of these strategies.
Which beetle species has developed an adaptation in which the ants are unaware of the presence of the beetle larvae?
Species 1 c. Species 2
Species 3 d. Species 4

28. When a dairy farmer chooses to breed the cows that give the most milk in the herd, the farmer is following the principle of
acquired characteristics.
artificial selection.
natural selection.
descent with modification.
Another term for artificial selection is?
selective breeding
A branch of a cladogram that contains a single common ancestor and all of its descendants is called
a kingdom.
a class.
cladistics.
a clade.
a shared derived character.

29. Which of the following is NOT an example of differential survival and reproduction?
Disease-causing bacteria become more and more resistant to an antibiotic.
Industrial melanism in peppered moths results in larger numbers of dark-colored moths.
All cheetahs share almost identical genomes, and hence, are an endangered species.
Cheatgrass, an exotic species, is crowding out other grasses and taking over entire hillsides in the California chapparal.

30. Peccaries eat prickly pear cactus and prefer cactus that have a lower number of spines. This is an example of
stabilizing selection.
disruptive selection.
frequency-dependent selection.
directional selection.
differential selection.

31. This diagram shows a proposed method of macroevolution called:
phyletic gradualism.
punctuated equilibrium.
genetic drift.
gene flow.
bottleneck effect.
Time

32. The similar body shapes of these organisms is an example of:
adaptive radiation.
homology.
stabilizing selection.
disruptive selection.
convergent evolution.

33. This diagram shows a process called
adaptive radiation.
homology.
stabilizing selection.
disruptive selection.
convergent evolution.

34. What do you call a cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles?
Prokaryote
Name any kingdoms that are members of the Domain Bacteria.
Kingdom Eubacteria
What are the two major contributions of Carolus Linneaus to biological classification?
Seven-level classification system and binomial nomenclature
Name any kingdoms that are members of the Domain Archaea.
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Name the kingdoms that are members of the Domain Eukarya.
Kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, and also the protists

35. Name the seven-levels of Linneaus’ classification system in order from largest group to smallest.
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Explain the correct way to write the scientific name of the tiger: PANTHERA TIGRIS.
Genus is capped, specific epithet is not, underlined if handwritten, italics if typed: Panthera tigris OR Panthera tigris.
Provide three reasons why Linneaus used Latin when creating scientific names for living organisms.
All educated (European) people at that time could read and write in Latin.
Latin is a dead language, so word meaning does not change.
No matter what language you speak, scientific names are the same worldwide.

36. A clade, or monophyletic group, includes one:
species and all its ancestors.
ancestor and all its descendants.
species and its genus.
genus and all its species.
What kind of analysis focuses on the order in which derived characters appeared in organisms?
anatomical analysis
traditional classification analysis
taxonomic analysis
cladistic analysis

37. What does a cladistics analysis show about organisms?
the importance of each derived character
the general fitness of the organisms analyzed
the relative degrees of relatedness among lineages
all traits of each organism analyzed
What is true about dissimilar organisms such as a cow and a yeast?
They are not related at all.
Their degree of relatedness cannot be evaluated.
Their degree of relatedness can be estimated from their genes.
They can exchange genes.

38. Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin?
protists
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Eubacteria
The domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments is:
Archaea
Protista
Bacteria
What cell structures in eukaryotic cells contain DNA that can be used to determine evolutionary relationships?
nuclei and cytoplasm
nuclei and ribosomes
ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum
nuclei and Golgi apparatus
nuclei and mitochondria

39. What did Charles Darwin learn from reading the works of James Hutton and Charles Lyell?
Earth is relatively young.
Most geological change is caused by living organisms.
The same processes that formed old rocks on Earth do not operate today.
Gradual change operating over long periods of time can result in dramatic changes.
In an experiment, the wings of fruit flies are clipped short for 50 generations. The 51st generation emerged with normal-length wings. This tends to disprove the idea that evolution is based on:
inheritance of natural variations.
the struggle for existence.
natural selection.
survival of the fittest.
inheritance of acquired traits.

40. The graph shows the changes in oxygen levels in the atmosphere of Earth over time. Which important event occurred just before point X?
the development of animals
the development of photosynthesis
the development of respiration
the development of multicellular organisms

41. Cladogram of Groups A, B and C
What is found at the green box?
Unique ancestor of C
Common ancestor of B & C
Shared derived trait of B & C
Clade of B and C
What is found at the blue box?
Unique ancestor of C
Common ancestor of B & C
Shared derived trait of B & C
Clade of B and C

42. Scientists studied the effect of increased altitude on the number of red blood cells in three organisms. Red blood cell counts were done in each organism at low altitude. The organisms were moved to a mountain top and allowed to adjust to the new surroundings. Red blood cell counts were repeated. The graph shows the change in red blood cells for the three organisms.
The chemical process that increases red blood cell counts is the same in each organism because of:
speciation.
differentiation.
common ancestry.
geographic isolation.

43. The diagram to the right shows a beetle population over time
The diagram to the right shows a beetle population over time. The uppermost graph is the initial distribution of phenotypes. The bottom graph shows the effect of selection pressures on the population. This type of selection is:
directional.
disruptive.
stabilizing.
diversifying.
size dependent.
Red arrow depicts phenotypes that are selected against.

44. Which information and which tools would be the most appropriate for determining whether the alleles of a mouse affect its running speed?
the genotype of the mouse, a wall clock, and a microscope
the phenotype of the mouse, a microscope, and a stopwatch
the phenotype of the mouse, a metric ruler, and a wall clock
the genotype of the mouse, a stopwatch, and a metric ruler

45. The table shows a small
part of the sequence of
amino acids within the
cytochrome-C protein in
four animals.
How many amino acid positions differ between the turtle and the horse, and what does this most likely mean?
The amino acid position differs by one, and the protein is exactly the same in the two organisms.
The amino acid positions differ by three, and the proteins are entirely different in the two organisms.
The amino acid position differs by one, and horses and turtles are completely unrelated.
The amino acid positions differ by three, and horses and turtles share a common ancestor.

46. Ryan is examining bats and butterflies and notices that their wings have the same function. Based on this evidence, he hypothesizes that bats and butterflies share a common ancestry. Is his hypothesis correct?
Yes, analogous structures are evidence of common ancestry.
Yes, homologous structures are evidence of common ancestry.
No, analogous structures are not evidence of common ancestry.
No, homologous structures are not evidence of common ancestry.

47. Pipefish and seahorses, members of the Family Syngnathidae, reproduce similarly. The female’s eggs are placed into a pouch located on the male’s abdomen and remain there until they hatch. The presence of this abdominal pouch can be used to construct which of these?
a pedigree showing genetic inheritance
a table listing genotypes of offspring
a key using structural characteristics to identify organisms
a pyramid showing energy flow in an ecosystem.

48. Gabbie observed a young toad was stung on the tongue while trying to eat a bee. She hypothesized that if the toad saw a similar insect, then it would not try to eat it. To test her hypothesis, she observed the toad’s behavior when she presented it with two insects. One insect was a robber fly, which resembled a bee, and the other was a dragonfly, which did not. Gabbie concluded that the toad’s behavioral response improved its chances of survival. Based on this information, which statement best describes the results of her experiment?
The hypothesis was rejected because the toad ate the dragonfly but not the robber fly.
The hypothesis was rejected because the toad at the robber fly but not the dragonfly.
The hypothesis was accepted because the toad ate the dragonfly but not the robber fly.
The hypothesis was rejected because the toad ate the robber fly but not the dragonfly.

49. An oak leaf and a pine needle are differently shaped plant structures but are classified together because:
both perform the same functions and are homologous.
each performs different functions and is homologous.
both perform the same functions and are analogous.
each performs different functions and is analogous.

50. Yoyo is conducting an experiment to see how antibiotic resistance develops in bacterial populations. She hypothesized that if a population of bacteria is exposed to an antibiotic once every 24 hours, then the bacteria would develop resistance faster than bacteria exposed to the antibiotic once every 12 hours. She treated 50 dishes of bacteria with the antibiotic once every 24 hours, and 50 dishes of bacteria with the antibiotic once every 12 hours.
What would be the best control set-up for this experiment?
50 dishes of bacteria that are never treated
50 dishes of bacteria that are treated every 6 hours
50 dishes of bacteria that are treated every 48 hours
50 dishes that do not contain bacteria and are never treated

51. The cladogram shows the relationship among frogs, birds, and horses
The cladogram shows the relationship among frogs, birds, and horses. The table shows some characteristics of these organisms.
The cladogram is based on which
properties from the table?
fertilization and ecological niche
ecological niche and external covering
homologous skeletal structures and fertilization
external covering and analogous skeletal structures

57. Male bowerbirds build and decorate bowers, which are structures used for courtship and mating. Each species of bowerbirds builds a unique type of bower. A researcher raised a male bowerbird in isolation from all other birds. During this time, he observed that the bird built bowers like those of its own species. What would predictably happen if a male bowerbird were raised with bowerbirds of a different species?
It would not build any bowers.
It would build bowers like those of its own species.
It would build bowers like those of the species with which it was raised.
It would build bowers with features from both its own species and the species with which it was raised.
Explain why.
The behavior is inherited (innate), not learned.

59. One similarity between natural selection and genetic drift is that both events:
are based completely on chance.
begin with one or more mutations.
involve a change in a population’s allele frequencies.
take place only in very large groups.
A factor that is necessary for the formation of a new species is:
reproduction at different times.
geographic barriers.
different mating behaviors.
reproductive isolation.
gene flow between the diverging populations.