1. Authored by Rich Simerson 01-Jun-2007 Updated 01-Apr-2010 (2) Modified by Lt Colonel Fred Blundell TX-129 Fort Worth Senior Squadron For Local Training Rev 5.0 02-Jan-2014

2. 2 This Training Slide Show is a project undertaken by Lt Colonel Fred Blundell of the TX-129 Fort Worth Senior Squadron, Fort Worth, TX for local use to assist those CAP Members interested in advancing their skills. The information contained herein is for CAP Members personal use and is not intended to replace or be a substitute for any of the CAP National Training Programs. Users should review the presentations Revision Number at the end of each file name to ensure that they have the most current publication.

3. 3 Aircraft Familiarization Why do I need to know this stuff anyway? Why do I need to know this stuff anyway? Structure Structure Instrumentation Instrumentation Weight & Balance Weight & Balance Pre-flight inspection Pre-flight inspection Safety Safety Ground operations Ground operations Wake turbulence Wake turbulence Flightline signals Flightline signals

4. 4 The Airplane CAP typically uses C172 and C182 CAP typically uses C172 and C182

5. 5 Basic Components

6. 6 Ailerons Provide Roll Control

7. 7 Elevators Provide Pitch Control

8. 8 The Rudder Controls Yaw Directional Control of the Aircraft on the ground is by the rudder peddles and linkages to the nose gear.

9. 9 Trim Tabs Neutralize Control Pressures

10. 10 Fuel Selector

11. 11 Typical Instrument Panel DO NOT reposition any aircraft instrument's settings or controls without first asking the pilot.

12. 12 Magnetic Compass Primary Primary Doesnt require any power Doesnt require any power Used to set HI (DG) Used to set HI (DG) Installation problems Installation problems Bank angles and speed changes can cause a compass to show the wrong heading Bank angles and speed changes can cause a compass to show the wrong heading

13. 13 Heading Indicator Vacuum gyro (Directional gyro) Vacuum gyro (Directional gyro) Stable indications Stable indications Quick response to turns Quick response to turns Electrical or vacuum-driven Electrical or vacuum-driven Will drift, requires periodic re- alignment Will drift, requires periodic re- alignment

14. 14 Altimeter Static pressure Static pressure Usually set to show pressure altitude above Mean Sea Level (MSL) Usually set to show pressure altitude above Mean Sea Level (MSL) Accurate altitude is dependent on the altimeter setting. Accurate altitude is dependent on the altimeter setting.

15. 15 Turn Coordinator Electric Electric Really two instruments Really two instruments Miniature aircraft shows turn rate only - does not show bank angle Miniature aircraft shows turn rate only - does not show bank angle Inclinometer shows quality of turn - Coordinated, slip, skid Inclinometer shows quality of turn - Coordinated, slip, skid

16. 16 Attitude Indicator Vacuum gyro Vacuum gyro Highly reliable & usefulHighly reliable & useful Provides a horizon referenceProvides a horizon reference Hash marks indicate bank angleHash marks indicate bank angle Climb/descent marksClimb/descent marks

17. 17 Static & Ram pressure Static & Ram pressure Knots (and/or MPH) Knots (and/or MPH) Colored markings show ranges Colored markings show ranges Shows aircraft speed through the air Shows aircraft speed through the air Airspeed Indicator

18. 18 Vertical Speed Indicator Static pressure rate of change Static pressure rate of change Climb or descent rateClimb or descent rate Has a lag due to designHas a lag due to design Use with altimeterUse with altimeter

19. 19 Tachometer RPM RPM Markings green arc Markings green arc Indicates power Indicates power

20. 20 Other Instruments Gauges Gauges Fuel (accurate at empty) Fuel (accurate at empty) Manifold pressure Manifold pressure Fuel flow Fuel flow Oil Temperature and Pressure Oil Temperature and Pressure Vacuum and Generator Vacuum and Generator Exhaust Gas Temperature Exhaust Gas Temperature Instruments vary from aircraft to aircraft Instruments vary from aircraft to aircraft

21. 21 Nav/Comm Primary and Standby Frequencies (flip-flop) Communications Navigation

22. 22 Comm Antennas Normally mounted on top Normally mounted on top One for each radio One for each radio Know for your aircraft, if they are on top or on the bottom Know for your aircraft, if they are on top or on the bottom

23. 23 Nav Antennas Cat whisker style Cat whisker style One for each nav One for each nav May be dual blade (Bonanza) May be dual blade (Bonanza)

24. 24 Static Wicks Mitigate buildup of static electricity Mitigate buildup of static electricity (interferes with comm) (interferes with comm) Wings, elevators, vertical stabilizer Wings, elevators, vertical stabilizer Take care when walking around Take care when walking around

25. 25 Other Antennas Loop(Directional)ADF MarkerBeacon

26. 26 GPS Apollo GX55 Apollo GX55 ARNAV Star 5000 ARNAV Star 5000

27. 27 GPS Antenna Line of sight, so mounted at the very top Line of sight, so mounted at the very top Comm antennas can interfere with the weak signals, so they are tested for interference Comm antennas can interfere with the weak signals, so they are tested for interference GPS

28. 28 Audio Panel

29. 29 Transponder

30. 30 UHF Antenna Blade type (may be spike) Transponder & DME [If mounted up front, may interfere with DF]

31. 31 Navigation Instruments VORADF VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR-DME, VORTAC) VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR-DME, VORTAC) Indicates direction to/from ground transmitter relative to magnetic North Indicates direction to/from ground transmitter relative to magnetic North Automatic Direction Finder (NDB) Automatic Direction Finder (NDB) Direction toward ground transmitter relative to airplane nose Direction toward ground transmitter relative to airplane nose

32. 32 Weight and Balance The wings generate a limited amount of lift The wings generate a limited amount of lift Maximum weight for an aircraft is set by the manufacturer Maximum weight for an aircraft is set by the manufacturer Pitch stability is affected by the location of the center of gravity Pitch stability is affected by the location of the center of gravity The pilot computes weight and balance and controls it by loading the aircraft correctly The pilot computes weight and balance and controls it by loading the aircraft correctly

33. 33 Weight and Balance Excessive weight adversely impacts performance: Excessive weight adversely impacts performance: Longer take off and landing distance Longer take off and landing distance Reduced climb performance Reduced climb performance Reduced ability to withstand turbulence and wind shear forces Reduced ability to withstand turbulence and wind shear forces Out of Forward C.G. limits can cause: Out of Forward C.G. limits can cause: Reduced up-elevator authority (ability to raise the nose) Reduced up-elevator authority (ability to raise the nose) Can eliminate the ability to flare for landing Can eliminate the ability to flare for landing Out of Rear C.G. limits can cause: Out of Rear C.G. limits can cause: Reduced down-elevator authority (ability to lower the nose) Reduced down-elevator authority (ability to lower the nose) Can make stall recovery difficult or impossible Can make stall recovery difficult or impossible

34. 34 Aircraft Pre-flight WALK AROUND WALK AROUND WINGS WINGS FUSELAGE FUSELAGE PROPELLER PROPELLER CONTROLS CONTROLS LIGHTS LIGHTS TIRES TIRES OIL OIL FUEL FUEL COWLING COWLING TIE DOWNS TIE DOWNS CHOCKS CHOCKS

35. 35 Safety Three Rules NEVER sacrifice safety to save time NEVER sacrifice safety to save time Use established procedures and checklists Use established procedures and checklists You may have to deviate from common procedures if you do, use common sense and prudent judgment (see Rule #1) You may have to deviate from common procedures if you do, use common sense and prudent judgment (see Rule #1) The most dangerous part of a mission is driving to and from the airport or mission base! The most dangerous part of a mission is driving to and from the airport or mission base!

36. 36 Safety In/Around Aircraft No smoking No smoking Keep clear Keep clear Fire on the ground Fire on the ground Moving and loading the aircraft Moving and loading the aircraft Entry/Egress - normal and emergency Entry/Egress - normal and emergency Seat belts and shoulder harnesses (<1,000) Seat belts and shoulder harnesses (<1,000) Fuel management – you have an interest in making sure you dont run out of fuel. The pilot should brief the crew on how much fuel will be needed and where youll refuel, if necessary. Fuel management – you have an interest in making sure you dont run out of fuel. The pilot should brief the crew on how much fuel will be needed and where youll refuel, if necessary.

37. 37 At Emergency Egress

38. 38 Aircraft Refueling Procedures

39. 39 Safety During Taxiing Taxiing – All crewmembers looking for obstacles Taxiing – All crewmembers looking for obstacles Obstacle within six feet – get out and push Obstacle within six feet – get out and push Obstacle within 6 to 10 feet – get a marshaller or wing walker Obstacle within 6 to 10 feet – get a marshaller or wing walker No unnecessary talk (sterile cockpit) No unnecessary talk (sterile cockpit) Obey flightline hand signals Obey flightline hand signals But use common sense – many linemen are inexperienced But use common sense – many linemen are inexperienced

40. 40 Signalmans Position

41. 41 Flightline Hand Signals Outward motion with thumbs PULL CHOCKS Inward motion with thumbs INSERT CHOCKS Circle with hand START ENGINE Hands out making a pulling motion COME AHEAD

42. 42 Flightline Hand Signals Motion forward, pointing left TURN LEFT Thumb up ALL CLEAR - O.K. Downward motion with palms SLOW DOWN Motion forward, pointing right TURN RIGHT

43. 43 Flightline Hand Signals Hands crossed above head STOP Slash throat with finger CUT ENGINE Crossing hands over head EMERGENCY STOP

44. 44 Again Safety During Taxiing Taxiing – All crewmembers assist the pilot Taxiing – All crewmembers assist the pilot Prevent collisions with other aircraft and vehicles Prevent collisions with other aircraft and vehicles Help the pilot find and stay on the taxiway (bad weather, low visibility, night on an unlighted airport) Help the pilot find and stay on the taxiway (bad weather, low visibility, night on an unlighted airport) Be familiar with airport signs and markings Be familiar with airport signs and markings Runway markings are white and taxiway markings are yellow Runway markings are white and taxiway markings are yellow

45. 45 Airport Signs and Markings Follow the yellow lines Stay behind the dashed lines Need ATC permission to cross the solid lines

46. 46 Airport Signs and Markings (Continued) Mandatory signs have a red background with a white inscription May have a row of red stop bar lights embedded in the pavement. When illuminated, do not cross (even if given permission by ATC) Location boundary signs have a yellow background with a black inscription Visible from the runway Visual clues to determine when youre clear of the runway

47. 47 Airport Signs and Markings (Continued) Location signs have a black background with a yellow inscription Direction signs have a yellow background with a black inscription

48. 48 Airport Related ATC Clearances Be familiar with ATC ground clearances that involve the airport signs and markings Be familiar with ATC ground clearances that involve the airport signs and markings Back up the pilot when taxiingBack up the pilot when taxiing Controllers are required to get acknowledgement of all hold short instructions Controllers are required to get acknowledgement of all hold short instructions Pilot/Observer should read back all clearances Pilot/Observer should read back all clearances Cleared to taxi or Taxi (implied clearance)Cleared to taxi or Taxi (implied clearance) Cleared for takeoff runway 22Cleared for takeoff runway 22

49. 49 Airport Related ATC Clearances (Continued) Meaning of clearances: Meaning of clearances: Taxi to … Cleared to taxi to any point other than assigned takeoff runway. Cleared to cross all runways that intersect the taxi route. Does not authorize taxiing onto or crossing assigned runway.Taxi to … Cleared to taxi to any point other than assigned takeoff runway. Cleared to cross all runways that intersect the taxi route. Does not authorize taxiing onto or crossing assigned runway. Taxi to … hold short of … Cleared to taxi, but enroute to taxi clearance limit must hold short of another taxiway or crossing runway.Taxi to … hold short of … Cleared to taxi, but enroute to taxi clearance limit must hold short of another taxiway or crossing runway.

50. 50 Airport Related ATC Clearances (Continued) Meaning of clearances: Meaning of clearances: Cross runway … Cleared to cross the runway crossing your taxi route and continue to taxi clearance limit.Cross runway … Cleared to cross the runway crossing your taxi route and continue to taxi clearance limit. Hold short … Do not enter or cross the taxiway or runway specified by the controller. If there is a painted hold line, do not cross it.Hold short … Do not enter or cross the taxiway or runway specified by the controller. If there is a painted hold line, do not cross it. Report position Identify your location on the airport.Report position Identify your location on the airport.

51. 51 Wake Turbulence Caused by aircraft moving through the air generating lift (proportional to weight) Caused by aircraft moving through the air generating lift (proportional to weight) Settle 500 to 800 feet below the flight path Settle 500 to 800 feet below the flight path Drift out slowly (5 mph) on the ground Drift out slowly (5 mph) on the ground Takeoff before, land after other aircraft Takeoff before, land after other aircraft

52. 52 At Wake Turbulence (Continued)

53. 53 Questions? Always Think Safety!