1. Religion and Violence

2. Terror Attacks Since 1970

3. For most of the 20thC, those called ‘terrorists’ had nationalist agendas

4. The shifting concentration of global terrorist activity can be seen in the following map. Terrorism post-9/11
1970 to 9/10/2001
9/11/2001 to 2008
Rank
 Country
% of All Attacks 1
Colombia
8.88
Iraq**
25.77 2
Peru*
8.35
India
9.48 3
El Salvador*
7.38
Afghanistan**
9.03 4
Northern Ireland
5.13
Pakistan
7.63 5
4.61
Thailand**
5.84 6
Spain
4.14
Philippines
3.85 7
Turkey
3.49
Russia**
3.65 8
Chile*
3.15
3.22 9
SriLanka
3.03
Israel
2.89 10
Phil ppines
2.96
Nepal**
2.55

5. 1960s – 1970s
Post-colonial governments in Muslim majority states have failed to earn legitimacy
Secular narratives such as pan-Arabism and socialism begin to wither, giving space to Islamic revivalism.
Many Islamic movements are either oppressed, co-opted or quietened.

6. 1980s
The focus on ‘terrorism’ moves from nationalist movements that act as insurgencies to global movements with broader ideological objectives.

9. Soviet Intervention Afghanistan
1978 Saur Revolution, anti communist insurrection
1979 USSR intervenes to support the potential collapse of the Kabul Government
A place to practice jihad
Soviets withdraw 1989

10. Higra
Afghanistan can be marketed as a jihad in defense of Muslims facing an infidel aggressor
Mass migration of fighters
Opportunity to build a cohesive group to pursue broader projects
Unite jihadist movements under one vanguard
For states such as Saudi Arabia and Egypt it represents an opportunity to push Islamist out of the country
For the United States it is an opportunity to challenge the USSR in South Asia

11. "Whenever jihad is mentioned in the holy book, it means the obligation to fight. It does not mean to fight with the pen or to write books or articles in the press or to fight by holding lectures.
The saying is in fact a false, fabricated hadith that has no basis. It is only a saying of one of the Successors, it contradicts textual evidence and reality.” Abdullah Azzam

12. Osama bin Laden had significant economic resources and a strong reputation. He was a skilled tactician, organizer and political actor, but lacked credentials as a religious figure.

13. Ayman al Zawahiri
Creates the theological ideological foundations for a Global Jihadist movement. “Knights under the Prophets Banner”

14. Privileging the Physical Jihad
Struggle
The Qur’an contains 114 suras (chapters) which contain in total 6,234 ayas (verses). Of these, 28 ayas make reference to jihad, the term being mentioned specifically on 41 instances
Lesser, outer jihad (jihad al asghar); a military struggle, i.e. a holy war
Greater, inner jihad (jihad al akbar); the struggle of personal self-improvement against the self's base desires
"We have returned from the lesser jihad to the greater jihad. When asked, "What is the greater jihad?," he replied, "It is the struggle against the self.“

15. Martyrdom and 72 Virgins?
They will be) on Thrones encrusted (with gold and precious stones), Reclining on them, facing each other. Round about them will (serve) youths of perpetual (freshness), With goblets, (shining) beakers, and cups (filled) out of clear-flowing fountains No after-ache will they receive therefrom, nor will they suffer intoxication: And with fruits, any that they may select And the flesh of fowls, any that they may desire. And (there will be) Companions (Houri) with beautiful, big, and lustrous eyes, Like unto Pearls well-guarded. A Reward for the deeds of their past (life). Not frivolity will they hear therein, nor any taint of ill,- Only the saying, "Peace! Peace". Quran 56: 15-26

16. Hadith, Jami` at-Tirmidhi
Suffers from a weak chain of narration
It was mentioned by Daraj Ibn Abi Hatim, that Abu al-Haytham 'Adullah Ibn Wahb narrated from Abu Sa'id al-Khudhri, who heard Muhammad saying, 'The smallest reward for the people of Heaven is an abode where there are eighty thousand servants and seventy-two houri, over which stands a dome decorated with pearls, aquamarine, and ruby, as wide as the distance from al-Jabiyyah to San'a

17. 1998 Fatwa Announces al Qaeda to the world
The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies—civilians and military—is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque [in Jerusalem] and the holy mosque [in Mecca] from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim. This is in accordance with the words of Almighty Allah, 'and fight the pagans all together as they fight you all together,' and 'fight them until there is no more tumult or

18. 1990s Pax-Americana

19. 1990s The Near Enemy or the Far Enemy Near Enemy: Arab regimes, Israel
Far Enemy: The West
Proliferation of Jihadist groups globally strengthened by the return of the Mujahedeen from Afghanistan
Militant Islamist movements while still local appeal to a global agenda.

20. 9-11 Brings al Qaeda to global attention
Defines AQC political objectives
Strategically designed to reconstruct the dichotomy of Dar al Harb/ Dar al Islam by provoking a war against Islam
Represents the limitations of the al Qaeda strategy having failed to win the ‘hearts and minds’ of the Islamic world.

21. War on Terror
Legitimizes certain policy objectives for both the US and its adherents
Gulf War II and the Syrian war, Overthrow of Qaddaffi create new spaces for jihadist groups to thrive
Increased security measures give allied states justification to pursue domestic political agendas
Reduces the direct influence of AQC over its affiliates

22. Return of the Caliphate

24. What next
Jihadism is undergoing a shift away from a global narrative to a local one.