1. Cells: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Cell movie – 17:20 mins w/questions

2. Discovery of Cells Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) Observed sliver of cork
Saw “row of empty boxes” = CELLS
Referring back to the cells or “pores” of once-living trees

3. Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.
Smallest living unit ; most are microscopic

4. Cell theory (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”
(50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow
“all cells come from cells”
via cell division

5. Cell Theory
Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell
All living things are made of cells
All cells arise from preexisting cells
(this principle discarded the idea of
spontaneous generation)

6. Spontaneous Generation
Living organisms could arise directly and rapidly from nonliving material
Ex: Maggots from rotting meat
Discredited as of the mid-19th century
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7. Characteristics of All Cells
A surrounding membrane  plasma or cell membrane
Protoplasm/Cytoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
Organelles – structures for cell function
Control center with DNA

8. Examples of Cells
Plant Stem
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell

9. Cells have evolved two different architectures:
Prokaryote “style”  NO NUCLEUS
Eukaryote “style”  NUCLEUS

10. tallest trees adult human chicken egg frog embryo
most eukaryotic cells
Figure: 04-01
Title:
Relative sizes.
Caption:
Dimensions commonly encountered in biology range from about 100 meters (the height of the tallest redwoods) through a few micrometers (the diameter of most cells) to a few nanometers (the diameter of many large molecules).
mitochondrion
most bacteria
virus
proteins
diameter of DNA
double helix
atoms

11. PROKARYOTIC CELLS:

12. Prokaryotic First cell type on earth, smallest
Do not have structures surrounded by membranes
Few internal structures
One-celled organisms, Bacteria

13. These are prokaryote
E. coli bacteria on the head of a steel pin.

14. Prokaryote cells are simply built (example: E. coli)
capsule: slimy outer coating
cell wall: tougher middle layer
cell membrane: delicate inner skin

15. Prokaryote cells are simply built (example: E. coli)
cytoplasm: inner liquid filling
DNA in one big loop (not in a nucleus)  “nucleoid”
pilli: for sticking to things
flagella: for swimming
ribosomes: for building proteins
Nucleoid region of DNA concentration
Proteins made from ribosomes  used as enzymes or as support for other cell functions ; need to be made to complete various cellular processs
- Costruction guys who connect 1 amino aci at a time and build long chains
Cytoplasm – referring to the protoplasm – that liquid of “jelly” – jell-o
Flagella  motility

16. Prokaryote lifestyle unicellular: all alone colony: forms a grouping
filamentous: forms a chain of cells

17. *label prokaryotic cell
(bacterial cell)

18. Prokaryote Feeding Photosynthetic: energy from sunlight
Disease-causing: feed on living things
Decomposers: feed on dead things
Disease-causing: example ecoli or salmonella

19. Eukaryotic cells:

20. Eukaryotic Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
Most living organisms
Animal
Plant

21. Eukaryotes are bigger and more complicated
Have nucleus
Have organelles
Have chromosomes
can be multicellular
include animal and plant cells

22. Organelles are membrane-bound cell parts
Mini “organs” that have unique structures and functions
Located in cytoplasm
Cytoplasm  liquid – the jell-o of the cell

23. Cell Structures Cell membrane
Outer membrane that controls movement into and out of cell

24. Nucleus
Control center of the cell – stores chromosomes (DNA)
Contains nucleolus – produces ribosomes

25. Nucleolus
inside nucleus
Contains RNA to build proteins

26. the more energy the cell needs, the more mitochondria it has
Mitochondrion
Provides/releases energy that powers cellular activities *cellular respiration
the more energy the cell needs, the more mitochondria it has
Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates
Controls level of water and other materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

27. Each cell contains thousands Synthesize proteins
Ribosomes
Each cell contains thousands
Synthesize proteins
may be free- floating or attached to ER
Each cell contains thousands
Make proteins
Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell
Made of RNA

28. Cytoskeleton found throughout cytoplasm 3 functions:
mechanical support
anchor organelles
help move substances
Within cytoplasm – acts as both a muscle and a skeleton ; for movement and stability

29. Endoplasmic reticulum Folded membranes attached to nucleus
may be smooth: lacking ________
may be rough: has attached _____________
Smooth  “storage organelle” ;

30. Ribosomes embedded on Rough endoplasmic reticulum

31. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes attached to surface
Important in synthesis and packaging of proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

32. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
No attached ribosomes
Known as a “storage site”
Has enzymes that help build molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Storage site for steriods and ions that the body may need later on

33. takes in sacs of raw material from ER
Golgi Apparatus
takes in sacs of raw material from ER
sends out sacs containing finished cell products
“packing and shipping” station
Protein 'packaging and shipping station’
Move materials within the cell
Move materials out of the cell

34. Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules come in vesicles
2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi

35. Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued)
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents

37. sacs filled with digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
sacs filled with digestive enzymes
digest worn out cell parts
digest food absorbed by cell
If explodes, cell breaks down!
Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal
Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

38. Centrioles
pair of bundled tubes
Plays a role in cell division

39. Cytoplasm
“jell” or fluid in which organelles are found
Site where chemical reactions occur within a cell

40. Structures found ONLY in PLANT cells
Cell wall
Tough, flexible, fairly rigid outer layer (chain link fence)
protects cell from rupturing

41. (central) Vacuole
Membrane- bound storage sac
Holds water, food, waste items
Helps plants maintain shape

42. Chloroplasts
filled with chlorophyll
turn light energy into food energy (photosynthesis

43. How are plant and animal cells different?

44. How are plant and animal cells different?
How are plant and animal cells similar?
Differences 
Plants have…cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole
Similarities 
Both eukaryotic, surrounded by cell membrane

46. Structure Animal cells Plant cells cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus
Nucleoid ER
Golgi
Capsule
cell wall
Mitochondria
Cholorplasts
One big vacuole
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm -- both
Golgi apparatus – both

47. Structure
Animal cells
Plant cells
cell membrane
Yes
yes
nucleus
nucleolus
ribosomes ER
Golgi
centrioles no
cell wall
mitochondria
choloroplasts
One big vacuole
No, but has sm.vacuoles
cytoskeleton

48. Structure
Animal cells
Plant cells
Lysosome
Yes (more common)
Yes (some)
Cilia/flagella
Yes No
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid

49. Structure
Animal cells
Plant cells
Lysosome
Cilia/flagella
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Pilli

50. Eukaryote cells can be multicellular
The whole cell can be specialized for one job
cells can work together as tissues
Tissues can work together as organs

51. Advantages of each kind of cell architecture
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
simple and easy to grow
can specialize
fast reproduction
multicellularity
all the same
can build large bodies

52. Examples of specialized euk. cells
liver cell: specialized to detoxify blood and store glucose as glycogen.

53. sperm cell: specialized to deliver DNA to egg cell

54. Mesophyll cell
specialized to capture as much light as possible
inside a leaf

55. How do animal cells move?
Some can crawl with pseudopods
Some can swim with a flagellum
Some can swim very fast with cilia

56. Pseudopods means “fake feet” extensions of cell membrane
example: ameoba

57. Flagellum/flagella large whiplike tail
pushes or pulls cell through water
can be single, or a pair

58. Cilia fine, hairlike extensions attached to cell membrane
beat in unison

59. Brief look at Viruses…
Infectious particle (genes packaged within a protein coat)
NOT considered living (cannot reproduce or carry out metabolism outside of host cell)
Cause serious diseases in most organisms

62. Cell Integration Interaction of nucleus- ribosome
Nucleus is the control center of the cell-You already know this much
Now, what does it control?
It controls the chemical reactions that occur in the cell
This is done by controlling what enzymes are made at what time