1. Low Cost Stand-alone Renewable Photovoltaic/Wind Energy Utilization Schemes
Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf

2. Presentation Outline Introduction Research Objectives
Low Cost Stand-alone Renewable Photovoltaic/Wind Energy Utilization Schemes and Error Driven Controllers
Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research
Publications
Questions & Answers

3. Introduction Photovoltaics (PV) PV cells PV modules PV arrays
PV systems: batteries, battery charge controllers, maximum power point trackers (MPPT), solid state inverters, rectifiers (battery chargers), generators, structure

4. PV cell, PV module and PV array

5. The Advantages of PV Energy
Clean and green energy source that has virtually no environmental polluting impact
Highly reliable and needs minimal maintenance
Costs little to build and operate
Modular and flexible in terms of sizes, ratings and applications

6. Applications of PV Systems
Stand-alone PV energy systems:
Small village electricity supply
Water pumping and irrigation systems
Cathodic protection
Communications
Lighting and small appliances
Emergency power systems and lighting systems
Stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems
Electric utility systems

7. The circuit diagram of the solar cell
PV Cell Model
Current source: proportional to the light falling on the cell in parallel with a diode:
• Temperature dependence of the photo-generated current (Iph).
• Temperature dependence of the reverse saturation current of the diode D0 (I0).
• Series resistance (Rs): gives a more accurate shape between the maximum power point and the open circuit voltage.
• Shunt diode D0 with the diode quality factor set to achieve the best curve match.
The circuit diagram of the solar cell

8. Nonlinear I-V Characteristics of PV Cell

9. I-V characteristics of a typical PV array with various conditions

10. PV array equivalent circuit block model using the MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems software

11. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
The photovoltaic system displays an inherently nonlinear current-voltage (I-V) relationship, requiring an online search and identification of the optimal maximum operating power point.
MPPT controller is a power electronic DC/DC chopper or DC/AC inverter system inserted between the PV array and its electric load to achieve the optimum characteristic matching
PV array is able to deliver maximum available power that is also necessary to maximize the photovoltaic energy utilization

12. and solar irradiation condition
Nonlinear (I-V) and (P-V) characteristics of a typical PV array at a fixed ambient temperature
and solar irradiation condition

13. The Performance of any Stand-alone PV System Depends on:
Electric load operating conditions/excursions/ switching
Ambient/junction temperature (Tx)
Solar insolation/irradiation variations (Sx)

14. Research Objectives
1. Develop/test/validate full mathematical models for PV array modules and a number of stand-alone renewable photovoltaic and hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy utilization schemes in MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems software environment.

15. Research Objectives (Continue)
2. Select parameters to validate a number of novel efficient low cost dynamic error driven maximum photovoltaic power tracking controllers developed by Dr. A.M. Sharaf for four novel low cost stand-alone renewable photovoltaic and hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy utilization schemes:
Photovoltaic Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC motor drive scheme: PV-DC Scheme I.
Photovoltaic DC/DC dual converter scheme: PV-DC Scheme II.
Photovoltaic DC/AC six-pulse inverter scheme: PV-AC Scheme.
Hybrid renewable photovoltaic/wind energy utilization scheme: Hybrid PV/Wind Scheme.

16. Low Cost Stand-alone Renewable Photovoltaic/Wind Energy Utilization Schemes and Error Driven Controllers
Photovoltaic Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC motor drive scheme: PV-DC Scheme I.
Photovoltaic DC/DC dual converter scheme: PV-DC Scheme II.
Photovoltaic DC/AC six-pulse inverter scheme: PV-AC Scheme.
Hybrid renewable photovoltaic/wind energy utilization scheme: Hybrid PV/Wind Scheme.

17. Photovoltaic Four-Quadrant PWM Converter PMDC Motor Drive Scheme: PV-DC Scheme I
Photovoltaic powered Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC motor drive system (Developed by Dr. A.M. Sharaf)

18. Four-quadrant Operation of PWM Converter PMDC motor drive
Quadrant 1: Forward motoring (buck or step-down converter mode)
Q1–on Q2–chopping Q3–off Q4–off
Current freewheeling through D3 and Q1
Quadrant 2: Forward regeneration (boost or step-up converter mode)
Q1–off Q2–off Q3–off Q4–chopping
Current freewheeling through D1 and D2
Quadrant 3: Reverse motoring (buck converter mode)
Q1–off Q2–off Q3–on Q4–chopping
Current freewheeling through D1 and Q3
Quadrant 4: Reverse regeneration (boost converter mode)
Q1–off Q2–chopping Q3–off Q4 – off
Current freewheeling through D3 and D4

19. Variations of Ambient Temperature and Solar Irradiation
Variation of
solar irradiation (Sx)
Variation of
ambient temperature (Tx)

20. Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral (PI) Controller
Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus Integral control system

21. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller for Trapezoidal Reference Speed Trajectory

22. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller for Trapezoidal Reference Speed Trajectory (Continue)

23. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller for Sinusoidal Reference Speed Trajectory

24. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller for Sinusoidal Reference Speed Trajectory (Continue)

25. Dynamic Error Driven Self Adjusting Controller (SAC)
Dynamic tri-loop self adjusting control (SAC) system

26. Digital Simulation Results with SAC for Trapezoidal Reference Speed Trajectory

27. Digital Simulation Results with SAC for Trapezoidal Reference Speed Trajectory (Continue)

28. Digital Simulation Results with SAC for Sinusoidal Reference Speed Trajectory

29. Digital Simulation Results with SAC for Sinusoidal Reference Speed Trajectory (Continue)

30. Photovoltaic DC/DC Dual Converter Scheme: PV-DC Scheme II
Stand-alone photovoltaic DC/DC dual converter scheme for village electricity use

31. Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral (PI) Controller
Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus Integral control system

32. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller
Without controller With PI controller

33. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller (Continue)
Without controller With PI controller

34. Dynamic Error Driven Variable Structure Sliding Mode Controller (SMC)
Dynamic dual-loop error driven variable structure Sliding Mode Control (SMC) system

35. Switching surface in the (et-ėt) phase plane

36. Digital Simulation Results with SMC
Without controller With SMC

37. Digital Simulation Results with SMC (Continue)
Without controller With SMC

38. Photovoltaic DC/AC Six-pulse Inverter Scheme: PV-AC Scheme
Stand-alone photovoltaic DC/AC six-pulse inverter scheme for village electricity use

39. Variations of Ambient Temperature and Solar Irradiation
Variation of
ambient temperature (Tx)
Variation of
solar irradiation (Sx)

40. Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral (PI) Controller
Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus Integral control system

41. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller
Without controller With PI controller

42. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller (Continue)
Without controller With PI controller

43. Dynamic Error Driven Variable Structure Sliding Mode Controller (SMC)
Dynamic tri-loop error driven variable structure Sliding Mode Control (SMC) system

44. Digital Simulation Results with SMC
Without controller With SMC

45. Digital Simulation Results with SMC (Continue)
Without controller With SMC

46. Hybrid Renewable Photovoltaic/Wind Energy Utilization Scheme: Hybrid PV/Wind Scheme
Stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy utilization scheme for village electricity use

47. Variations of Wind Speed (Vw)
Variation of wind speed (Vw)

48. Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral (PI) Controller
Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus Integral control system

49. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller
Without controller With PI controller

50. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller (Continue)
Without controller With PI controller

51. The loop weighting factors (γv, γi and γp)
and control gains (Kp, Ki) are assigned to minimize a
selected time weighted excursion index J0
where
is the
magnitude of the hyper-plane error excursion vector
N= T0/Tsample
T0: Largest mechanical time constant in the hybrid system (10s)
Tsample: Sampling time (0.2ms)

52. Time Weighted Excursion Index J0
Digital simulation results of time weighted excursion index J0
with different proportional and integral gains

53. Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research (I)
1. The full mathematical models for PV array modules were fully developed including the inherently nonlinear I-V characteristics and variations under ambient temperature and solar irradiation conditions.
2. The proposed stand-alone renewable photovoltaic and hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy utilization schemes and robust dynamic control strategies were digitally simulated and validated using the MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems software environment.
3. The dynamic controllers require only the measured values of voltage and current signals in addition to the motor speed signals that can be easily measured with low cost sensors and transducers.
4. The proposed low cost stand-alone renewable photovoltaic and hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy utilization schemes are suitable for resort/village electricity application in the range of (1500 watts to watts), mostly for water pumping, ventilation, lighting, irrigation and village electricity use in arid remote communities.

54. Proposed Schemes, Controllers and Applications

55. Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research (II)
1. It is necessary to validate the proposed novel dynamic maximum photovoltaic power tracking control strategies by a specific laboratory facility using the low cost micro controllers.
2. The proposed dynamic effective and robust error driven control strategies can be extended to other control system applications. They are also flexible by adding supplementary control loops to adapt any control objectives of any systems. Further work can be focused on Artificial Intelligence (AI) control strategies.
3. The research can be expanded to the design and validation of dynamic FACTS with stabilization and compensation control strategies for other stand-alone renewable energy resource schemes as well as grid-connected renewable energy systems to make maximum utilization of the available energy resources.

56. Publications
[1] A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "A Novel Tracking Controller for a Stand-alone Photovoltaic Scheme," International Conference on Communication, Computer and Power (ICCCP'05), Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, Feb , 2005 (Accepted).
[2] A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "A Novel Maximum Power Tracking Controller for a Stand-alone Photovoltaic DC Motor Drive," 18th Annual Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE05), Saskatoon, Canada, May 1-4, 2005 (Accepted).
[3] A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "A Novel Low Cost Stand-alone Photovoltaic Scheme for Four Quadrant PMDC Motor Drive," International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Quality (ICREPQ'05), Zaragoza, Spain, March 16-18, 2005 (Submitted).
[4] A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "An Efficient Photovoltaic DC Village Electricity Scheme Using a Sliding Mode Controller," 2005 IEEE Conference on Control Applications (CCA05), Toronto, Canada, August 28-31, 2005 (Submitted).
[5] A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "A Novel Efficient Stand-alone Photovoltaic Energy Utilization Scheme for Village Electricity," 8th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization, Cracow, Poland, September 21-23, 2005 (Submitted).
[6] A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "A Novel Efficient Stand-alone Hybrid Photovoltaic/Wind Energy Utilization Scheme for Village Electricity," International Conference on Electrical Drives and Power Electronics, Dubrovnik, Croatia, September 26-28, 2005 (Submitted).
[7] A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "Novel Dynamic Control Strategies for Efficient Utilization of a Stand-alone Photovoltaic System," Electric Power Systems Research (Submitted).

57. Standalone Wind Energy Utilization Scheme and Novel Control Strategies
Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf

58. Outline
Introduction
Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme
Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Compensation Scheme
Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme
Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme

59. Outline Stand-alone WECS with Universal DC-Link Compensation Scheme
Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme
Conclusions and Recommendations
Models
Publications

60. 1.Introduction 1.1 Wind Energy
Wind energy: one of the most significant, alternative energy resources.
Most wind turbines use the three phase asynchronous induction generator for it is low lost, reliable and less maintenance.
However, the voltage stability problem of a wind driven induction generator system is fully dependent on wind gusting conditions and electrical load changes.
New interface technologies are needed

61. 1.Introduction 1.2 Wind Energy Conversion Schemes
Six novel techniques and compensation schemes developed by Dr. Sharaf in this thesis are proposed.
Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor (DSSC)
Dynamic Series/Parallel Capacitor (DSPC)
Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation (DHPC)
Dynamic Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 and 2 (DUPC1&2)
Universal DC-Link Compensation (UDCC)

62. 1.Introduction 1.2 Wind Energy Conversion Schemes
Six PWM switched controllers developed by Dr. Sharaf are studied in this thesis .
Aux controller.
Tri-loop (voltage, current and power signals) error driven PID controller.
Dual-loop (voltage and current) error driven PID controller.
Tri-loop nonlinear self-adjusting Tan-sigmoid controller
Voltage regulator controller.
Tri-loop error driven sliding mode controller.

63. Standalone Wind Energy Utilization Scheme and Novel Control Strategies
Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf

64. Outline
Introduction
Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme
Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Compensation Scheme
Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme
Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme

65. Outline Stand-alone WECS with Universal DC-Link Compensation Scheme
Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme
Conclusions and Recommendations
Models
Publications

66. 1.Introduction 1.1 Wind Energy
Wind energy: one of the most significant, alternative energy resources.
Most wind turbines use the three phase asynchronous induction generator for it is low lost, reliable and less maintenance.
However, the voltage stability problem of a wind driven induction generator system is fully dependent on wind gusting conditions and electrical load changes.
New interface technologies are needed

67. 1.Introduction 1.2 Wind Energy Conversion Schemes
Six novel techniques and compensation schemes developed by Dr. Sharaf in this thesis are proposed.
Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor (DSSC)
Dynamic Series/Parallel Capacitor (DSPC)
Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation (DHPC)
Dynamic Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 and 2 (DUPC1&2)
Universal DC-Link Compensation (UDCC)

68. 1.Introduction 1.2 Wind Energy Conversion Schemes
Six PWM switched controllers developed by Dr. Sharaf are studied in this thesis .
Aux controller.
Tri-loop (voltage, current and power signals) error driven PID controller.
Dual-loop (voltage and current) error driven PID controller.
Tri-loop nonlinear self-adjusting Tan-sigmoid controller
Voltage regulator controller.
Tri-loop error driven sliding mode controller.

69. 1.Introduction 1.3 Standalone WECS Components
The Stand-alone WECS comprises the following main components
(1) Wind Turbine
(2) Gear Box
(3) Induction or Synchronous Generator (see the appendix A.2 for generator models)
(4) Stabilization Interface Scheme and Stabilization Controller
(5) The Electric Load

70. 1.Introduction 1.3 Standalone WECS Components

71. Figure 2.1 depicts the sample WECS with Dynamic
Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme 2.1 Stand-alone WECS Modeling and Description
Figure 2.1 depicts the sample WECS with Dynamic
Series Switched Capacitor (DSSC) scheme
WECS Parameters are shown in Appendix A.1

72. Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme 2.2 DSSC Compensation Scheme
Figure 4 depicts DSSC Stabilization Scheme
using Back to Back Gate Turn off GTO
switching Device (per phase).

73. Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme 2.3 Proposed Dynamic Control System
Figure 2.3 depicts Tri-loop Error Driven PID
Controlled PWM Switching Scheme
How the Controller Parameters are selected is Shown in Appendix A.3
And the PWM model is shown in Appendix A.4

74. Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme Digital Simulation and Results
Figure 2.4 below is the Unified Sample Study A.C
Systems Matlab/Simulink Functional Model

75. Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
a) Under linear and non-linear load excursion
from 0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50% (100kVA) linear load; from s-0.6s, we apply 60% (120kVA) non-linear load.
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DSSC compensation scheme
Without DSSC Compensation
With DSSC Compensation

76. Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
b) Under Motor load excursion
from 0.2s to 0.4s, we apply a 20% (20kVA) induction motor load
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DSSC compensation scheme
Without DSSC Compensation
With DSSC Compensation

77. Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme Digital Simulation and Results
Case two: under wind excursion
From 0.3s-0.6s, the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DSSC compensation scheme
Without DSSC Compensation
With DSSC Compensation

78. Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme 2.5 Conclusions
The DSSC Facts compensation scheme is effective for generator bus voltage stabilization of the linear, non-liner load excursions as well as wind speed excursions.
But it can not compensate for large induction motor excursion.
Tri-loop dynamic error driven PID controller works well to control the compensation scheme

79. Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.1 Stand-alone WECS Modeling and Description
Figure 3.1 depicts the sample full stand-alone wind energy
system with squirrel cage induction generator, hybrid load
and DSPC compensation

80. Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.2 DSPC Compensation Scheme
Figure 3.2 showed Low Cost Dynamic Series/Parallel Capacitor
Compensations Stabilization Scheme using the Back to Back
Gate Turn off GTO1&2 switching Devices (Per phase)

81. Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.3 Proposed Dynamic Control System
Figure 3.3 showed the Tri-loop nonlinear
Self-adjusting Tan-sigmoid Controller

82. Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.3 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Figure 3.4 below is the Unified Sample Study
A.C Systems Matlab/Simulink Functional Model

83. Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.3 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
a) Under linear and non-linear load excursion
from 0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50% (100kVA) linear load; from s-0.6s, we apply 60% (120kVA) non-linear load.
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DSPC compensation scheme
Without DSPC Compensation
With DSPC Compensation

84. Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.3 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
b) Under Motor load excursion
from 0.2s to 0.4s, we apply a 20% (20kVA) induction motor load
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DSPC compensation scheme
Without DSPC Compensation
With DSPC Compensation

85. Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.3 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case Two: under wind excursion
From 0.3s-0.6s, the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DSPC compensation scheme
Without DSPC Compensation
With DSPC Compensation

86. Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.4 Conclusions
The Matllab/Simulink simulations validate that the DSPC compensation are very effective for the electric linear, non-liner, motor excursion and wind excursion.
The proposed low cost DSPC voltage compensation scheme is suitable for isolated wind energy conversion systems feeding linear and non-liner and motor type loads
The tri-loop nonlinear self-adjusting tan-sigmoid controller is effective for controlling the compensation scheme.

87. Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.1 Stand-alone WECS Modeling and Description
Figure 4.1 showed Stand Alone Wind Energy Conversion
Scheme Diagram with Hybrid Electric Load

88. Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.2 Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation scheme
Figure 4.2: Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation (DHPC)
Stabilization Scheme using the Back to Back Gate Turn off
GTO and 6 Pulse VSC-PWM Controller (3 phase)

89. Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.2 Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation scheme
Figure 4.3 below is the 6 Pulse Thyristor- VSC Converter

90. Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.3 Proposed Dynamic Control System
Figure 4.4 is the Tri-loop Error Driven PID Controller

91. Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.4 Digital Simulation and Results
Figure 4.5 is the Unified Sample Study
A.C Matlab/ Simulink Functional System Model

92. Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.4 Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
a) Under linear and non-linear load excursion
from 0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50% (100kVA) linear load; from s-0.6s, we apply 60% (120kVA) non-linear load.
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DHPC compensation scheme
Without DHPC Compensation
With DHPC Compensation

93. Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.4 Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
b) Under Motor load excursion
from 0.2s to 0.4s, we apply a 20% (20kVA) induction motor load
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DHPC compensation scheme
Without DHPC Compensation
With DHPC Compensation

94. Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.4 Digital Simulation and Results
Case two: under wind excursion
From 0.3s-0.6s, the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DHPC compensation scheme
Without DHPC Compensation
With DHPC Compensation

95. Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.5 Conclusions
Digital simulation results validate that this new DHPC scheme is very effective for bus voltage stabilization under electric load disturbance including linear, non-linear load and motor load excursions.
The proposed novel tri-loop dynamic controller is very effective for the compensation scheme.

96. Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.1 Stand-alone WECS Modeling and Description
Figure 5.1 showed Stand Alone Wind Energy Conversion
Scheme Diagram with Hybrid Electric Load

97. Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.2 Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme
Figure 5.2 depicts Dual-switching Universal Power
Compensation1 (DUPC1) Stabilization Scheme
using the 6 Pulse VSC-PWM Controller and IGBT

98. Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.3 Proposed Dynamic Control System
In this research we used two novel controllers,
dual-loop error driven PID controller and Aux Controller
Figure 5.3 is the Dual-loop Error Driven PID Controller

99. Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.3 Proposed Dynamic Control System
Figure 5.4 below showed the Aux Controller

100. Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulation and Results
Figure 5.5 is the Unified Sample Study A.C Matlab/Simulink
Functional System Model

101. Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
a) Under linear and non-linear load excursion
from 0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50% (100kVA) linear load; from s-0.6s, we apply 60% (120kVA) non-linear load.
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DUPC1 compensation scheme
Without DUPC1 Compensation
With DUPC1 Compensation

102. Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
b) Under Motor load excursion
from 0.2s to 0.4s, we apply a 20% (20kVA) induction motor load
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DUPC1 compensation scheme
Without DUPC1 Compensation
With DUPC1 Compensation

103. Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulation and Results
Case two: under wind excursion
From 0.3s-0.6s, the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DUPC1 compensation scheme
Without DUPC1 Compensation
With DUPC1 Compensation

104. Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.5Conclusions
This new DUPC1 compensator scheme is very effective in stabilizing generator bus voltage as well as enhancing power/energy utilization under favorable wind gusting conditions
The novel dual-loop dynamic controller is extremely flexible and can be easily modified to include other supplementary loops such as generator power

105. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.1 Standalone Wind Energy Conversion Scheme Description
Figure B.1: Stand Alone Wind Energy Conversion Scheme
Diagram with Hybrid Load and Universal Power Compensator

106. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.2 Universal DC-Link Compensation Scheme
Figure B.2: Universal DC-Link (Rectifier-DC-Link-Inverter)
Scheme using 6 Pulse Diode and 6 Pulse GTO (3 phase)

107. Referred to Matlab/Demo
Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.3 Proposed Dynamic Control System
In this research we used a Voltage Regulator Controller (VRC).
The figure below shows the structure of the controller.
Referred to Matlab/Demo

108. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.4 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Figure B.4 show the stand-alone wind energy
system model and wind subsystem model

109. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.4 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Figure B.5 is the Wind Subsystem Model

110. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.4 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
a) Under linear and non-linear load excursion
from 0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50% (100kVA) linear load; from s-0.6s, we apply 60% (120kVA) non-linear load.
Without UDCC Compensation
With UDCC Compensation

111. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.4 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
b) Under Motor load excursion
from 0.2s to 0.4s, we apply a 20% (20kVA) induction motor load
Without UDCC Compensation
With UDCC Compensation

112. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.4 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case two: under wind excursion
From 0.3s-0.6s, the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
Without UDCC Compensation
With UDCC Compensation

113. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.4 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case three: under temporary full short circuit fault (grounding) excursion.
From 0.2s to 0.3s, all loads are grounded
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with UDCC compensation scheme
Without UDCC Compensation
With UDCC Compensation

114. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.5 Conclusions
This new UDCC compensator scheme is very effective in stabilizing the generator bus voltage under all electric loads and wind gusting conditions as well as full three phase short circuit fault.
the UDCC Facts-device showed its special advantage that it can compensate for full three phase short circuit fault.
The Voltage stabilization is complex and suitable in large wind farm utilization scheme with one load collection center

115. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.1 Standalone WECS Description
Figure C.1 showed the Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy
Conversion Scheme Diagram with Hybrid Electric Load
and Switching DUPC2 Scheme

116. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.2 Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation Scheme2
Figure C.2 showed Dual Switching Universal
Power Compensation (DUPC2) Scheme2

117. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.3 Proposed Novel Controller System
Figure C.3 is the Tri-loop Error Driven Sliding Mode Controlled PWM Switching Scheme with Dynamic Switching Surface

118. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulations and Results
Figure C.4 below is the Unified Sample Study A.C
Matlab/Simulink Functional System Model

119. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulations and Results
Figure C.5 is the Diesel Driven Synchronous Generator
Energy Subsystem Matlab/Simulink Model
The details of the Diesel Engine are shown in Appendix A.5

120. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulations and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion (Wind driven generator energy system only, no diesel driven generator)
a) Under linear and non-linear load excursion
from 0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50% (100kVA) linear load; from s-0.6s, we apply 60% (120kVA) non-linear load.
Without DUPC2 Compensation
With DUPC2 Compensation

121. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulations and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion (Wind driven generator energy system only, no diesel driven generator)
b) Under motor load excursion
from 0.2s to 0.4s, we apply a 20% (20kVA) induction motor load
Without DUPC2 Compensation
With DUPC2 Compensation

122. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulations and Results
Case two: under wind speed excursion (Wind driven generator energy system only, no diesel driven generator)
From 0.3s-0.6s, the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
Without DUPC2 Compensation
With DUPC2 Compensation

123. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulations and Results
Case three: under three phase temporary short circuit fault
(Combined wind-diesel energy system)
From 0.1s to 0.2s, the system experienced three phase short
circuit fault, and from 0.1s to 0.4s the standby diesel generator
was put into operation
Without DUPC2 Compensation
With DUPC2 Compensation

124. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulations and Results
Case Four: Under the Diesel Engine Mechanical Output
Power Excursions (Combined wind-diesel energy system)
From sec the output of diesel engine mechanical power increases 100% (0.3pu) and from sec it decrease 100% (0.3pu).
Voltage of Gen Bus
Current of Gen Bus
P&Q of Gen Bus

125. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulations and Results
Voltage of Load Bus
Current of Load Bus
P&Q of Load Bus

126. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.5 Conclusions
The DUPC2 compensation scheme is very effective for voltage stabilization under the linear, non-liner and motor load excursions as well as wind speed and diesel on-off excursions.
During emergency three phase short circuit fault condition, the standby diesel generator can keep the voltage of the generator bus at 1.0pu.
The proposed wind/ diesel energy system combined with stabilization scheme DUPC2 is fully suitable for all isolated wind energy conversion systems in the range 0.5-2MW.

127. Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Conclusions
Six schemes developed by Dr.A.M.Sharaf are fully validated and compared in table 1 next slide.
1: Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor compensation scheme (DSSC)
2: Dynamic Series/Parallel Capacitor compensation scheme (DSPC)
3: Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation scheme (HPC)
4: Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation scheme1 (DUPC1)
5:Universal DC-Link Compensation scheme (UDCC)
6:Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation scheme2 (DUPC2)

128. Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Conclusions
DSSC
DSPC
HPC
DUPC1
UDCC
DUPC2
Elements
Switched
Series
CAPs;
Fixed
Parallel
1 GTO
Series and
2 GTO
Switched 6
pulse
GTO;
DC Cap
6 pulse
DC Cap;
filter;
2GTO;
1 IGBT
Diode;
RLC
switched
1GTO;
2IGBT
Controller
Used
Tri-loop
PID
Tan-
sigmoid
Dual-loop
PID; Aux
Voltage
Regulator
Sliding
Mode
Switching
PWM
(200 Hz)
(195Hz)
(195 Hz)
(1000 Hz)
N/A

129. Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Conclusions
Availability
Linear,
Nonlinear
and wind
excursions
,Motor
Nonlinear,
Motor and
wind
Motor,
full fault
Performance
Limited
Good
Better
Best
Complexity
Simple
Complex
Cost
Low
Reasonable
High
Suitable Size (kw)
50-500
Large
Utility

130. Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Conclusions
Rules of How to Choose Controllers
Tri-loop error driven PID controller is suitable and popular for all compensation schemes, but sometimes we are not satisfied with it, so in some cases it is not the best one.
When we are not satisfied with tri-loop error driven PID controller, we have to develop or find a new controller for example: the Voltage Regulator Controller which is better than tri-loop error driven PID controller for DUCC.
If a simpler controller (for example: dual-loop error driven PID controller and Aux controller) or any other controller (for example: the nonlinear self-adjusted tan-sigmoid controller Tri-loop error driven sliding mode controller) is as good as tri-loop error driven PID controller then we will not use the tri-loop error driven PID controller so that we can have many choices.

131. Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Extensions
The proposed novel stabilization schemes can be extended to other hybrid energy schemes such as solar/small hydro/micro-gas/hydrogen fired turbine/biomass/fuel cell, microgas turbines and hybrid systems.
The era of hydrogen technology is dawning with new hybrid fuel technologies using PV/Wind/ Small Hydro to produce hydrogen from water. This hydrogen will be used in remote sites in producing electricity via Fuel Cell large units

132. Appendix A Models A.1 WECS Parameters Selected of DSSC Scheme
A.1.1 Induction Generator
(3 phase, 2 pairs of poles)
Vg=4160V(L-L), Sg=1MVA, Cself=217uF;
A.1.2 Selected Per Unit Base Value
Sbase= 1MVA, Vbase=4160V/25kV (Generator/ Transmission Line and Load)

133. Appendix A Models A.1 WECS Parameters Selected of DSSC Scheme
A.1.3 Feeder Line (3 phase)
Vline-line =25kV, Length= 20km;
Positive sequence parameters: R1= 0.45 Ohms/km, L1= 0.928mH, C1=infinite
A1.14 Transformers
Generator side: 4160V/1MVA
Load Side: 25kV/1MVA/

134. Appendix A Models A.2 Generator Models
A Phase Induction Generator Model
Below is the Induction Generator d-q Model

135. Appendix A Models A.2 Generator Models
Electrical System Equations as Follows (Flux Models)
Where
Where
Where
Where

136. Appendix A Models A.2 Generator Models
Mechanical System Equations:

137. Appendix A Models A.2 Generator Models
A Phase Synchronous Generator Model
The electrical model of the machine is

138. Appendix A Models A.2 Generator Models
The Synchronous Machine block implements the mechanical system described by:

139. Appendix A Models A.3 Controller Parameters
Controller parameters are selected by guided trial and error
(1) Define an excursion based performance index
Where Ns=Tsettling/Tsample, Tsettling=largest mechanical time constant

140. Appendix A Models A.3 Controller Parameters
(2) Select control loop weightings (gamma) to reflect the controller main objective, with the assign the largest loop weight for the voltage loop stabilization.
(3) Select different delay times to ensure multi-loop-decoupling and the control priority assignment, ensure dynamic tracking error delay of half cycle for the fast electrical loops and few cycles for the slow mechanical loops.
(4) Avoid the creation of any near resonance condition
(5) Avoid any control loop/system unstable interaction by ensuring full control loop-decoupling of the multi-loop structure

141. Appendix A Models A.3 Controller Parameters
(6) Select the controller PID parameters to ensure fast controllability and voltage stabilization as well as short settling time (Kd is very small, if used)
(7) Minimize the index J under a number of sequenced wind and load excursions over a selected settling time (1-2 times the largest time constant in the system)
(8) Repeat the optimization guided procedure until delta error especially voltage is within maximum % in a short settling period and max wind power is somewhat extracted also no severe oscillations in the dynamic response, damped or over-damped dynamic response.

142. Appendix A Models A.3 Controller Parameters
The figure below showed J-Ki-Kp 3-phase-portait for
Controller Parameter Searching
Start
End

143. Appendix A Models A.4 PWM Models
Below is the Structure of PWM Model
Referred to Matlab/Help

144. Appendix A Models A.4 PWM Models
The PWM Generator block generates pulses for carrier-based pulse width modulation (PWM) systems. The block can be used to fire the self-commuted devices (FETs, GTOs, or IGBTs) of single-phase, two-phase, three-phase, or a combination of two three-phase bridges.
The number of pulses generated by the PWM Generator block is determined by the number of bridge arms you have to control

145. Appendix A Models A.4 PWM Models
The pulses are generated by comparing a triangular carrier waveform to a reference sinusoidal signal. The reference signal can be generated by the PWM generator itself, or it can be generated from a signal connected at the input of the block. In the second option, the PWM Generator needs one reference signal to generate the pulses for a single- or a two-arm bridge, or it needs a three-phase reference signal to generate the pulses for a three-phase bridge (single or double bridge
The amplitude (modulation), phase, and frequency of the reference signals are set to control the output voltage (on the AC terminals) of the bridge connected to the PWM Generator block.

146. Appendix A Models A.4 PWM Models
The following figure displays the two pulses generated by the PWM Generator block when programmed to control a one-arm bridge

147. Appendix A Models A.4 PWM Models
The following figure displays the six pulses generated by the PWM Generator block when programmed to control a
three-arm bridge.

148. Appendix A Models A.5 Diesel Engine Model
The figure below is the Structure of the Diesel Engine

149. Appendix A Models A.5 Diesel Engine Model
The diesel engine comprises diesel engine & governor and excitation system.
The diesel engine & governor include the control system, actuator and diesel engine; it inputs desired and actual speed, output diesel engine mechanical power.
The excitation system provides excitation for the synchronous machine and regulates its terminal voltage. The first input of the block is the desired value of the stator terminal voltage. The following two inputs are the vsq and vsd components of the terminal voltage. The fourth input can be used to provide additional stabilization of power system oscillations.

150. Publications:
A.M. Sharaf, and Liang Zhao, “A Low Cost Dynamic Voltage Stabilization Scheme for Stand Alone Wind Induction Generator System”. ICCCP05 Oman (Accepted).
A.M. Sharaf, Liang Zhao, “A Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme for Voltage Stabilization of Stand Alone Wind Induction Generator System”. CCECE05 (Accepted).
A.M. Sharaf, and Liang Zhao, “A Universal Power Compensation (UPC) Scheme for Voltage Stabilization of Stand Alone Wind Induction Generator System”, 2005 IEEE Conference on Control Applications, August 28-31, 2005, Toronto, Canada. (Submitted)
A.M. Sharaf, and Liang Zhao,“A Dual Switching Universal Power Compensation Scheme for Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System”, 8th International Conference on ‘Electrical Power Quality and Utilization’, Sep 21-23, Cracow, Poland. (Submitted)
A.M. Sharaf, and Liang Zhao, “Novel Control Strategies for Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual Switching Facts Universal Power Stabilization Scheme”, EPSR- Elsevier Jounal. (Submitted)

151. Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
Dynamic Filter Compensator Schemes for Monitoring and Damping Subsynchronous Resonance Oscillations
Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

152. Background review of SSR Modeling details for -Synchronous generators
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Introduction
Objectives
Background review of SSR
Modeling details for
-Synchronous generators
-Induction motors
Sample dynamic simulation results
Conclusions and future extensions

153. Example of SSR oscillations: SSR was first discussed in 1937
Introduction
What is Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR)?
Subsynchronous Frequency:
Subsynchronous resonance is an electric power system condition where the electric network exchanges energy with a turbine generator at one or more of the natural frequencies of the combined electrical and mechanical system below the synchronous frequency of the system.
Example of SSR oscillations:
SSR was first discussed in 1937
Two shaft failures at Mohave Generating Station (Southern Nevada, 1970’s)
Where:
- Synchronous Frequency
= 60 Hz
- Electrical Frequency
- Inductive Line Reactance
- Capacitive Bank Reactance
1.Subsynchronous frequency and electrical resonance frequency are complementary.
2.During the last 30 years significant efforts have been devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon.

154. Objectives
1. Study Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) oscillations for synchronous generators and large induction motors
2. Explore a new method to monitor SSR shaft torsional oscillations
3. Develop and validate a novel dynamic control scheme to damp SSR shaft torsional oscillations

155. Background Review of SSR
SSR Torsional Modes Analysis
-Mechanical System (inertia, shaft stiffness, etc.)
-Electrical System
Mechanical test shows that the natural torsional modes as a function of inertia and shaft stiffness.
Torsional modes of frequency used in this study are between 11 and 45Hz.
(typically 15.71Hz; 20.21Hz; 24.65Hz; 32.28Hz; 44.99Hz)
Categories of SSR Interactions:
1.The natural frequencies of shaft torsional modes are frequencies of the shaft mechanical stresses.
- with inertia increases, the mechanical resonance frequency of torsional modes decreases.
- With shaft stiffness increases, the mechanical resonance frequency of torsional modes increases.
2. The subsynchronous currents produce shaft torques on the turbine generator rotor that cause the rotor to oscillate at subsynchronous frequencies.
Torsional interaction
Induction generator effect
Shaft torque amplification
Combined effect of torsional interaction and induction generator
Self-excitation
Torsional natural frequencies and mode shapes

156. Background Review of SSR
Other sources for excitation of SSR oscillations
Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
HVDC Converter
Static Var Compensator (SVC)
Variable Speed Drive Converter
1. Besides the interaction between turbine-generators and series capacitor compensated networks.
2. In general, any devices which control or respond rapidly to power or speed variations in the subsynchronous frequency range is a potential source

157. Modeling for Synchronous Generator
Sample Study System
Figure 1. Sample Series Compensated Turbine-Generator and Infinite Bus System
A spring mass model is used for the representation of the shaft system.
2. Mechanical system damping: rad/sec
Figure 2. Turbine-Generator Shaft Model
Table 1. Mechanical Data

158. Modeling for Synchronous Generator
Figure 3. Matlab/Simulink Unified System Model for the Sample Turbine-Generator
and Infinite Bus System

159. The Intelligent Shaft Monitor (ISM) Scheme1.
Figure 4. Proposed Intelligent Shaft Monitoring (ISM) Scheme

160. The Intelligent Shaft Monitor (ISM) Scheme
- The result signal of (LPF, HPF, BPF)
= 377 –Radians/Second
T0 = 0.15 s, T1 = 0.1 s,
T 2 = 0.1s, T3 = 0.02 s
Band Pass filter: w1=w2=377 remove 60Hz
Figure 5. Matlab Proposed Intelligent Shaft Monitoring (ISM) Scheme
with Synthesized Special Indicator Signals ( )

161. The Dynamic Filter Compensator (DFC) Scheme
-Shunt Modulated Power Filter
-Series Capacitor
-Fixed Capacitor 1.
Figure 6. Facts Based Dynamic Filter Compensator
Using Two GTO Switches S1, S2 Per Phase

162. Figure 8. DFC Device Using Synthesized Damping Signals ( ) Magnitudes
Control System Design
Figure 8. DFC Device Using Synthesized Damping Signals ( ) Magnitudes

163. Control System Design
Figure 7. Dynamic Error Tracking Control Scheme for the DFC Compensator

164. Simulation Results for Synchronous Generator
Figure 9. Monitoring Synthesized Signals without DFC Compensation
Under Short Circuit Fault Condition

165. Simulation Results for Synchronous Generator
Figure 10. SSR Oscillatory Dynamic Response without DFC Compensation
Under Short Circuit Fault Condition

166. Simulation Results for Synchronous Generator
Figure 11. Monitoring Synthesized Signals ( ) with DFC Compensation
Under Short Circuit Fault Condition

167. Simulation Results for Synchronous Generator
Figure 12. SSR Oscillatory Dynamic Response with DFC Compensation
Under Short Circuit Fault Condition

168. Modeling Details for Induction Motor
Figure 13. Induction Motor Unified System Model

169. The Dynamic Power Filter (DPF) Scheme
Figure 14. Novel Dynamic Power Filter Scheme with MPF/SCC Stages

170. Figure 15. Tri-loop Dynamic Damping Controller
Control System Design
Figure 15. Tri-loop Dynamic Damping Controller

171. Control System Design
Figure 16. Tri-loop Error-Driven Error-Scaled Dynamic Controller
Using a Nonlinear Tansigmoid Activation Function

172. Control System Design
Figure 17. Proposed Tansigmoid Error-Driven Error-Scaled Control Block

173. Synthesized Monitoring Signals
Where:
Figure 18. Voltage Transformed Synthetic Signals
Figure 19. Current Transformed Synthetic Signals

174. Simulation Results for Induction Motor
Without Damping DPF Device
With Damping DPF Device
Figure 20. Monitoring Signals P & Q
Figure 21. Monitoring Signals P & Q

175. Simulation Results for Induction Motor
Without Damping DPF Device
With Damping DPF Device
Figure 22. Shaft Torque Oscillatory Dynamic Response
Figure 23. Load Power versus Current, Voltage Phase Portrait

176. Summery: Three Cases Comparison
Figure 24. Monitoring Signals Without SSR Modes
Figure 25. Monitoring Signals With SSR Modes But Without DPF
Figure 26. Monitoring Signals With SSR Modes And With DPF

177. Summery: Three Cases Comparison
Figure 27. Monitoring Signals Without SSR Modes
Figure 28. Monitoring Signals With SSR Modes But Without DPF
Figure 29. Monitoring Signals With SSR Modes And With DPF

178. Summery: Three Cases Comparison
Figure 30. Shaft Torque and Speed Dynamic Response without SSR Modes
Case 1
Figure 31. Shaft Torque and Speed Dynamic Response with SSR Modes But without DPF
Case 2
Figure 32. Shaft Torque and Speed Dynamic Response with SSR Modes And with DPF
Case 3

179. Summery: Three Cases Comparison
Figure 33. Stator Current Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) without SSR Modes
Case 1
Figure 34. Stator Current Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) with SSR Modes but without DPF
Case 2
Figure 35. Stator Current Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) with SSR Modes and with DPF
Case 3

180. Conclusions and Future Extensions
For both synchronous generators and induction motor drives, the SSR shaft torsional oscillations can be monitored using the online Intelligent Shaft Monitor (ISM) scheme. The ISM monitor is based on the shape of these 2-d and 3-d phase portraits and polarity of synthesized signals
The proposed Dynamic Power Filter (DPF) scheme is validated for SSR torsional modes damping
Future work includes:
Develop a Matlab based monitoring software environment- the Intelligent Shaft Monitor (ISM) system for commercialization
Test a low power laboratory model of the prototype Dynamic Power Filter (DPF) and control scheme.

181. Publications
[1] A.M. Sharaf; and Bo Yin; “Damping Subsynchronous Resonance Oscillations Using A Dynamic Switched Filter-Compensator Scheme,” International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’04), Barcelona, March, 2004.
[2] A.M. Sharaf; Bo Yin; and M. Hassan; “A Novel On-line Intelligent Shaft-Torsional Oscillation Monitor for Large Induction Motors and Synchronous Generators,” CCECE04, IEEE Toronto Conference, May, (Accepted)