1. Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) technics in Drug Discovery
7th East African Health and Scientific Conference
Nyerere International Convention Centre (NICC), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
27th – 29th March 2019
Wachira S. W., Kuria J., Irungu B., Kigondu E., Mutai C., Matu E.
KEMRI, Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (CTMDR)

2. Background
Mass spectrometry (MS) was born in 1897, by Sir J. J. Thomson he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906.
At the beginning of the 20th century he constructed the first mass spectrometer, sorting ions according to their trajectory in the electromagnetic field.
Thomson’s scholar F. W. Aston (1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry) and A. J. Dempster improved resolution and developed the first ionisation technique EI (electron ionisation).
Chemists sought high resolution mass analyzers, being able to detect elements and small molecules, which led to the development of time-of-flight and quadrupole mass spectrometers.

3. Background
Those could be coupled to gas chromatography (GC) and later in the 1950s to liquid chromatography (LC) by W. Paul, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989 for his evolutions in ion-trap MS.
coupling to liquid chromatography were achieved, in the 1980s still no large molecules could be analyzed as these were fragmented already during ionisation or evaporation.
It was only when J. B. Fenn applied the soft ionisation technique ESI (electrospray ionisation) to peptides and F. Hillenkamp, M. Karas and K. Tanaka developed the MALDI technique (matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation), biological experiments with biological macromolecules became possible.
J. B. Fenn and K. Tanaka were awarded with part of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2002 for this work

4. Why Liquid Chromatography
Analysis of labile analytes
Analysis of more polar compounds without derivatization.
Analysis of significantly higher masses
Reduction of lengthy clean-up using HPLC

5. HPLC

6. Mass spectroscopy MS is the most versatile and comprehensive
It measures the masses of individual molecules, fragments of molecules and atoms.
It provides ultra high detection sensitivity
The mass spectrum of each compound is unique and can be used as chemical “fingerprint” together with its retention time to characterize the compound.

7. Liquid Chromatography Coupled With Mass Spectroscopy
LC with detectors like Refractive index, electrochemical, fluorescence, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) detectors generate two dimensional data; that is, data representing signal strength as a function of time
When coupled with MS In addition to signal strength, they generate mass spectral data that can provide valuable information about the molecular weight, structure, identity, quantity, and purity of a sample.
LC/MS is a hyphenated technique combining the separation power of HPLC, with the detection power of mass spectrometry

8. Liquid Chromatography Coupled With Mass Spectroscopy
It uses an interface that will eliminate the solvent and generate gas phase ions, transferred to the optics of the mass spectrometry
Obtain spectra and molecular mass identification for each peak eluted from the chromatography column.
Straightforward mass spectra of directly infused samples won't distinguish between, buffer components, contaminants and other components of a sample mixture.

9. LC-MS/MS

10. Instrumentation

11. Instrumentation & chromatographic conditions
The LC system equipped with binary pump, an autosampler set at 15°C, an online solvent degasser and column oven is used to inject 1-10 μl aliquots of the processed samples on a C18 analytical column
Separation and elution is achieved by gradient system using solvent (formic acid, methanol, water) as the mobile phase, at a flow rate that is determined
The total LC run time is determined
LC–MS detector analysis is performed with IonSpray source interface in positive ionization mode.
Direct infusion of ng/ml of each analyte in methanol is made by syringe pump to optimize parameters to detect the most vivid signals of transitions from precursor to product ions.

12. LC-MS/MS method development
Bioanalytical LC-MS/MS method development comprises three main parts:
First, MS/MS spectra are recorded and mass spectrometry settings are optimized, to find a specific fragment ion and the most appropriate system parameters.
Second, a fast liquid chromatography method, suitable for MS/MS detection, is developed to separate the analytes from matrix components.
Third, a cost-effective and selective sample preparation technique is selected and optimized, supporting the analysis by LC-MS/MS.

13. LC-MS/MS method development

14. LC-MS/MS method development
Molecular ions, produced in the ion source at atmospheric pressure (760 torr, 1013 mbar), enter the first region of the mass spectrometer via a small orifice; here through a so-called “curtain gas” (inert gas), which assists declustering from solvent molecules.
This part of the mass spectrometer is evacuated by a first turbo pump and a backing pump to ensure a high vacuum and avoid collisions with other molecules.
In this region, the molecular beam is focused and led through a first quadrupole, the Q0.
Focussing in this first region is achieved in different ways in different mass spectrometers.

15. LC-MS/MS method development
The actual mass analysis takes place in the high vacuum region (10-5 torr), which is evacuated by a second turbo pump and backing pump.
Additional stabilizers and lenses are involved to keep the ions on their path towards the detector, which is in this case a channel electron multiplier.
Two main principles accelerate the ions into and through the mass spectrometer: the vacuum gradient and the DC voltage differential
Quadrupole mass spectrometers are also called mass filters, as they have the ability to selectively filter ions with a given mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) by a combination of direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC), applied to each quadrupole.

16. Method validation
The method validation is very important especially in in vivo clinical trials
It is done some days before the commencement of the analysis
This is done in accordance with the existing guidelines for specificity, selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery and Stability

17. LC-MS/MS method development

18. Isolation and identification of compounds from R. communis
The methanol extract of R. communis was subjected to vacuum liquid chromatography using silica gel eluting with hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water.
Three fractions were obtained. Fraction 2 was subjected to repeated column chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate, methanol and water and this yielded two pure compounds identified by LC-MS as
Ricinine and
3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone.

19. Identification of compounds from R. communis-Ricinine

20. Identification of compounds from R. communis-Ricinine

21. Identification of compounds from R. communis
3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone
Conversion of Ricinine to its carboxylic acid

22. Identification of compounds from R. communis
3-Carboxy-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone

23. Uses of Mass Spectrometry in Drug Discovery
Qualitative Analysis
Elucidation of the structural characteristics of various substances in different matrices:
What is in the sample?
Quantitative Analysis
Determination of the concentration of various substances in different matrices:
How much is in the sample?

24. Other Uses
Useful for analyzing large biomolecules such as proteins, peptides,and oligonucleotides
Analyze smaller molecules like benzodiazepines,sulfated conjugates
Electrospray can be used to analyze molecules as large as 150,000 u even though the mass-to-charge range for a typical LC/MS instruments is around 3000 m/z.

25. Comparison to other methods
This bio-analytical method has several advantages
Sample preparation is simpler and the chromatographic column and IS used are commercially available.
The procedure for sample preparation and extraction are rapid and inexpensive
The method is very sensitive and selective
Another advantage of this method is the use of a gradient mobile phase of simple composition with reduction in run time of analysis, which allows determination of the analytes more precisely.
It has a wide range of use

26. Thank you