1. MIE Physics Requirements
Jerry Hastings

2. Outline
Experiment definition: the process and outcome
User interactions: Oct 2004 Workshop
Detector development
Summary

3. Letters of Intent User Program Schedule 2004 15-Mar
Call for letters of intent to be distributed widely ü
21-Jun
Letters of Intent due
8-9 July
SAC: review LOIs, review proposal guidelines
1-Aug
LCLS/SSRL inform selected teams, move to proposal stage
  2005
15-Jun
CD-0 for MIE
1-Oct
Planned LCLS construction start
 2006
Phase start of MIE
2009
1-Apr
Planned LCLS operations start

4. Letters of Intent Types Response Category A: Complete Endstation
Category B: Specific Science Goals
Category C: Technical Innovations
Response
Total of 32 received
256 Independent investigators
91 Institutions

5. LCLS SAC Roger Falcone - UC Berkeley, USA, Chairperson
Nora Berrah - Western Michigan University, USA
Phil Bucksbaum - University of Michigan, USA
Robert L. Byer - Stanford University, USA
Hans Frauenfelder - LANL, USA
Wayne Hendrickson - Columbia University, USA
Stephen R. Leone - UC Berkeley, USA
Margaret Murnane - University of Colorado-Boulder, USA
Jochen R. Schneider - HASYLAB, Germany
Francesco Sette - ESRF, France
Sunil Sinha - UCSD, USA
Dietrich von der Linde - University of Essen, Germany

6. Identified 5 Thrust Areas
LCLS SAC Response
Draft Final Report
Identified 5 Thrust Areas
Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics
Pump/probe high-energy-density (HED) physics
Nano-particle and single molecule (non-periodic) imaging
Pump/probe diffraction dynamics
Coherent scattering at the nanoscale

7. LCLS SAC Response (cont’d)
All LoI’s were reviewed and fit into thrust
areas
Supported Short pulse (beyond baseline)
R&D
Will enable new science
LCLS efforts in AMO and detector
development (endstation systems)
important for early turn on

8. First Experiments-SAC Response
Femtochemistry Pump/probe diffraction
dynamics
Nanoscale Dynamics Coherent scattering at the
in Condensed matter nanoscale
Atomic Physics Atomic Molecular and
Optical Physics
Plasma and Warm Dense Matter Pump/probe high-energy-
density (HED) physics
Structural Studies on Single Nano-particle and single
Particles and Biomolecules molecule (non-periodic)
imaging
FEL Science/Technology
Program developed by international team of scientists working with accelerator and laser physics communities
SLAC Report 611

9. Thrust areas: SSRL/LCLS Contact
(1) Coherent scattering at G.B. Stephenson* S. Brennan
the nanoscale K. Ludwig
(2) Pump/probe diffraction K. Gaffney* A. Lindenberg
dynamics D. Reis
J. Larsson
(3) High energy density R. Lee* J. B. Hastings
(HED) physics P. Heimann
(4) Nano-particle/single J. Hajdu* J. Arthur
molecule(non-periodic) J. Miao
imaging H. Chapman
(5) Atomic, molecular, L. DiMauro* J. B. Hastings
and optical science N. Berrah
* Team leader

10. Team Responsibilities
Thrust area teams responsible for the science
Thrust area teams provide the specifications for the instruments
Collaborate on the conceptual design
As appropriate given responsibility for construction of specific components

11. Teams will provide this information in 2-3 weeks
Charge: Oct Workshop
Review/refine science case as input to the conceptual design
Create a preliminary conceptual design
Review detector specifications; provide signal calculations to support rate, pixel size, area
Define space requirements
Laser specifications (associated space)
Identify CRITICAL R&D needs for the success of the conceptual design
Teams will provide this information in 2-3 weeks

12. AMOS Equipments needs
Sub-10 fs amplified CEP laser system, crystal based harmonic source,
10 mJ, Ti-S, for pumping tunable laser.
Monochromator for low hv (below 800 eV)
Lower photon energies (C edge)
Laser ablation system to generate metal clusters
Energy tunability eV, resolution of 10-4.
Ion source (ECR/EBIT?)
2D and 3D detectors, multi-hit with energy resolution
He cryostat for cluster source (including metal clusters).
Streak camera

13. AMOS R&D Needs
LCLS Pulse characterization; energy, spectral, spatial and temporal
Support to Theorists for modeling and predictions
Imaging of fast (keV) electrons
High readout detectors.
Synchronization between laser and LCLS pulse (pump-probe)
Non-collinear/collinear X-ray delay line
Efficient imaging detections of particles (ions, cluster fragments….)
KB focusing pair (micron spot size, for soft x-rays)
X- ray Interferometers development (3-10)

14. HEDS Diagnostics: Thomson Scattering

15. Flat crystal spectrometer
Improvements of the x-ray detector will allow scattering with <1012 photons
IV. Collected fraction:
0.1 rad  1 mrad  1% / 4 ≈ 10-7
Solid angle along spectral line
Solid angle of spectral line
CCD efficiency
Assume 1012 photons at the sample [1/300]
Improve collection fractions with efficient CCD [1% %]
Improve solid angle using Van Hamos crystal [0.1 rad rad]
Photons collected:  3x10-3  10-5 ≈ 30,000
Flat crystal spectrometer
Van Hamos crystal spectrometer [curved]
10 cm
0.2 rad
Wavelength
CCD active area:
Line width:
~ 1 mrad
CCD active area:
0.1 rad
Line width:
~ 1 mrad
0.2 rad
Wavelength
10 cm
10 cm

16. PUMP-PROBE DIFFRACTION Experimental Needs (1)
Modular design:
1) necessary to facilitate off-line experimental preparation
2) allows insertion of optical set-ups constructed off-site
3) uncertain how this should be accomplished
Movable sample manipulation and x-ray detection
1) sustains alignment – requires facility determined x-ray positioning control
2) allows access to x-ray hutch to prepare for experiments

17. PUMP-PROBE DIFFRACTION Experimental Needs (2)
Assumed baseline parameters to be addressed in the LCLS design
1) x-ray beam position and intensity profile
2) x-ray spectrum – spikes?
3) relative timing diagnostics and phase locked Ti:sapphire seed pulses
X-ray optics
1) a mirror and a monochromator to get rid of the background radiation
2) focusing optics for variable fluence – will not change k-resolution
3) focusing optics for small protein crystals
laser performance
1) 1 mJ per pulse tuneable laser light: 1 eV to 6 eV in 30 fs FWHM pulses
2) adjustable laser band width pulse duration – stretcher design?
3) pulse shaping capability – critical to coherent phase transition experiments
4) H2O and CO2 free air should be want to generate mid-IR laser light
sample manipulation
1) variable thickness liquid jet – capillary as back-up
2) protein crystallography goniometer – compatible with fast multiplexing of very small crystals

18. Experimental Needs (3) Feature Protein Crystallography
Diffuse Scattering
dynamic range
1 photon to 1000
1 photon to 500
read-out rate
10 Hz
120 Hz
sensitivity
single photon
pixel number
2000X2000
500X500
pixel size
50 micron
100 micron
quantum efficiency
approaching 100%
high at 3rd harmonic
3rd harmonic or multiple detectors
Liquid Scattering
annular detectors advantageous – Development at APS
will saturation of Bragg peaks make it difficult to
determine width change?
Diffuse Scattering

19. IMAGING LOW FLUENCE INSTRUMENT
SCIENCE: Imaging of nanocrystalls and non-periodic nanomaterials, using multiple exposures
Pulse length not critical for imaging,
Large diameter beam (150 micron-1 micron) with large transverse coherence length,
Semi-macroscopic samples,
Automatic sample changer,
Semi-conventional sample environment (Cryo-EM sample holder/diffractometer),
Monochromator (delta lambda/lambda = 10-4),
Medium high vacuum (~10-4 mbar) or wet He atmosphere,
Lasers for reaction initiation,
Video microscope for sample alinement, looking down the beam.
Detectors:
- 1/ Area detector (2k x 2k, ~100 mm x 100 mm), micron pixels, (dynamic range >104),
2/ Large area detector (commercial, ~300 mm x 300 mm), micron pixels, (dynamic range ~105),
LOCATION in the far hall: large and highly coherent beam (need large optics)

20. IMAGING HIGH FLUENCE INSTRUMENT
Single shot experiments
Extremely short pulses (1-50 fs),
Tightly focused beam ( nm Ø),
Single shot experiments on nanocrystals, particles and biomolecules,
Small area detector near the sample (dynamic range >104),
Sample injector and cryo-EM sample holder,
High vacuum ( mbar),
Extended diagnostics (mass spec, ion and electron spectrometer, fluorescence detector)
Lasers sample manipulation, reaction initiation
Detectors:
Dual Area detector (≥ 1k x 1k, ~50 mm x 50 mm), micron pixels, (dynamic
range ≥104 per detector)
LOCATION in the near hall: intense beam, small beam size, small optics (low Z)

21. XPCS Detector Specifications
Detector #1: keV (monochromatic)
Angular resolution: 4 microradians
Sample to detector: 5 m (depends on hutch)
Pixel size/spatial resolution: 20 microns
Area: ~100 modules each of ~106 pixels; small dead space between modules in one dimension
DQE: >0.5
Typical signal rate: average 0.01 count per pixel per pulse
Noise: Need to discriminate pixels with one photon, two photons, and more photons. Error rate in determining double hits less than a few percent.
Pre-processing: Algorithm to locate photon positions
Max signal rate: ~100 photons per pixel per pulse
Frame rate: 120 Hz, although not highest priority

22. Detector Specifications Cont’d
Detector #2: keV (monochromatic)
Angular resolution: 2.3 microradians
Sample to detector: 5 m (depends on hutch)
Pixel size/spatial resolution: 12 microns
Area: ~100 modules of ~106 pixels; small dead space between modules in one dimension
DQE: >0.5
Typical signal rate: average 0.01 count per pixel per pulse
Noise: Need to discriminate pixels with one photon, two photons, and more photons. Error rate in determining double hits less than a few percent.
Pre-processing: Algorithm to locate photon positions
Max signal rate: ~100 photons per pixel per pulse
Frame rate: 120 Hz, although not highest priority

23. Far exp. hall XPCS Conceptual Design: Beamline Layout Hutch Alcove
Defining
apertures
Detectors
Pulse
Splitter
Focusing
Optics
Alcove
Horiz. offset
monochromator
10 m
5 m
Transmitted Beam
Sample
~100 m

24. 2d- X-ray Detector Pump/probe diffraction dynamics
Coherent scattering at the nanoscale
Atomic Molecular and Optical Science
(soft x-ray)
Pump/probe high-energy-density (HEDS) science
Nano-particle and single molecule (non-periodic) imaging

25. Time schedule By Oct. 15, 2004 Specifications to LoI groups
Dec. 15, 2004 Detailed proposals due addressing:
R&D
Construction
Integration (software and hardware)
Jan-Feb 2005 Review by external advisory committee

26. LCLS Detector Advisory Committee (LDAC)
Advise both LCLS and the MIE on detector development
Meets on a regular basis to evaluate progress on R&D and construction
Membership
Dr. Gareth Derbyshire, RAL Chair
Prof. Y. Amemiya, Univ. of Tokyo
Prof. Dr. A. Walenta, U. of Siegen
Prof. Dr. L. Strüder, MPG
Dr. E. Eikenberry, PSI
E. Heijne, CERN

27. ‘General’ Specifications for imaging and pump-probe diffraction
Pixel size
100 micron (point spread function)
Working Distance
variable, mm
dimension
512 x 512 minimum
Expected signal rate per pixel (maximum)
few x 103
Noise level required
<< 1 photon
Photon energy range
keV
Needed DQE
0.8 at 8 keV
Environment (Vacuum or air)
both vacuum and atmosphere
Frame rate
120 hz

28. ‘General’ Specifications for nanoscale imaging
Pixel size
15-25 microns
Working Distance
5 meters
dimension
400 sq. cm, 1x108 pixels, reconfigurable (modular)
Expected signal rate per pixel (maximum) 10
Noise level required
<<1 photon
Photon energy range
keV
Needed DQE
> 0.5
Environment (Vacuum or air)
air
Frame rate
120 hz

29. Proposals Denes et.al. Imaging/p-p diffraction
Westbrook et.al Imaging/p-p diffraction
Rehak et.al. Imaging/p-p diffraction XPCS
Gruner et.al. Imaging/p-p diffraction (LCLS)

30. LDAC Recommendations and general observations
Costings of data correction, reduction (where appropriate) and manipulation: Identify where funding / responsibility for this important aspect.
For each funded project there should be:
Detailed set of deliverables including timescales, spend profile and major milestones.
LCLS staff assigned to ensure that the detector system interfaces with the LCLS experimental program.
The software requirements need to be specified for the detector system together with an interface specification to transfer data to LCLS data acquisition.
A set of calibration and test procedures needs to be identified and specified within each funded project to ensure final performance is measured against original specification.

31. Assign the detector development projects to experiments.
The Committee would be happy to receive 6 monthly reports from the funded proposals and to meet once a year to review progress.
All proposals that include direct detection of X-rays did not address the spreading of charge between pixels that would decrease the overall signal to noise performance. This is normally made worse with thicker silicon (diffusion time related).
Assign the detector development projects to experiments.
This will provide detailed experiment dependent detector specifications

32. The thinking of the Committee was that the BNL proposal looked like a cost effective way of producing X-ray Detector 1 and went a significant way to producing a solution for X-ray detector 2.
The full specification for X-ray detector 2 appeared to be limited by the fabrication facilities currently available at BNL. If enhancement of fabrication facilities allowed the production of X-ray detector 2, and the cost was not too high, this may form the most cost effective solution for a suite of detectors for LCLS. The LCLS should encourage and support BNL to improve their facilities.

33. Summary
Experiments chosen through an open process
Teams and team leaders are chosen
Workshop in Oct began the definition of specifications
LCLS Detector Advisory Committee has advised on the path forward for 2d x-ray detector development