1. Authoritarianism under Stalin

2. Study of Stalinism Analysis of major elements
Resources: Fitzpatrick chapter 5
Debate: Russians should be proud of the accomplishments of Josef Stalin
Fitzpatrick and Nikita Petrov article
Additional resources
Primary source analysis: elements of totalitarianism in primary source analysis
Practice Paper 2 essays about authoritarianism

3. Agenda: February 12 Debate about Lenin Homework
Debate Paper 3: Russians, today, should be proud of the accomplishment of Josef Stalin
Read chapter 5 of Fitzpatrick.
Articles on Moodle about Stalin under this week
Paper due next Tuesday, 2/19

4. Debates Communism remains an important political philosophy.
Jennie, Mariah, Isaac E, Karina
Vladimir Lenin was a great communist leader. Lauren, Valeria, Efrain, Madie, Tony Tuesday Feb. 12
Russian today should be proud of the accomplishments of Joseph Stalin. Julia, Audrey, Amrita, Sona, Rachel
Fidel Castro was a great communist leader. Bari, Isaac, Daniel, Jonathan, Joseph
Cubans, today, should be proud of the accomplishment of the Cuban Revolution. David, Ricky, Hunter, Dennis, Avi, Adem
Regardless of the leaders involved in the conflict, the Cold War and the regional conflicts such as in Korea, were inevitable.  Mona, Eileen, Carlos, Christabel
The US government should shoulder the majority of the blame for the Cuban Missile Crisis of Leyna, Oshini, Dean, Rohan, Noor

5. Agenda, Wednesday Feb. 13 Review of Test
Recapping the period
Introduction to Authoritarianism
Totalitarianism
Homework: Debate Paper 3

6. Politics: The Struggle Among Values
Liberty-Positive vs. negative
Equality-equality of opportunity vs. equality of outcome
Order: Justice, righteousness, conforming to principles or ideals about right
action

7. Who Should Rule: Good and Corrupt Forms
The One: Monarchy and Dictatorship
The Few: Aristocracy and Oligarchy
The Many: Democracy and Mob Rule

8. Disenchantment with Liberal Capitalist Democracy
Poor Economic Performance
Hypocrisy of Liberty and Equality for all
Destructiveness of Globalization
Poverty
Environmental impact
Sense that democracy really just means rule by the wealthy

9. The Authoritarian Alternative
Capacity for Economic Growth
Rapid Progress in many areas
Ability to unify the people: nationalism

10. Development of Hybrid: Authoritarian Populism
Strong Popular Support for Elected Leader who then violates Civil Rights and Liberties
Liberal Democracy: competitive elections plus protection of civil rights/civil liberties
Authoritarian Democracy: Majority rule with a single leader as a focal point for change without protection of civil rights, civil liberties

12. The Political Future
Many people are turning away from liberal democracy
Countries after the Cold War that started democratic are now embracing dictators– Poland and Hungary
Many new parties in England, France, Germany, US that embrace authoritarian populism
If the future we choose is authoritarian, we do have the benefit of hindsight to understand how these regimes worked.

13. Study the history of :
Soviet Union under Stalinism
Cuba under Castro

14. Authoritarian Regimes
Strengths
Weaknesses
Ability to rapidly modernize (industrialization, urbanization, development of middle class, health care, infrastructure, etc
Unify the country against foreign threats
End past oppressions quickly
May make the wrong choices
Prone to becoming aggressive
Outgroups are persecuted
Lack of negative freedom
Equality defined according to in-group criteria

15. Russia Withdraws from Great War
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (February 1918)
Negotiated by Leon Trotsky
Russia lost the Ukraine, parts of Poland, and
Finland, Baltic States
-Annulled with defeat of Germany by
Allies

16. Civil War begins: Reds vs. Whites (Summer 1918)
Reds: communist
Whites: Tsarists, white is symbol of royal support
Part of old Russian army led by Admiral Kolchak, started anti-communist government in Siberia,
British, French, and American troops aid Tsarists
Peasants conscripted by both Whites and Reds. But Reds promised land to peasants whereas Whites had only a conservative agenda

17. War Communism 1918-1920 Rapid nationalization banking and credit
Nationalization of industry
Requisition of food from peasants, by force is necessary
Collapse of money economy: barter only
Collective and state farms created

18. Communist Party
Principle of democratic centralism: top-down leadership
Ban on party factions and independent trade unions favored by Trotsky
Millions join party
Persecution of rivals
Arrest and trial of Mensheviks and Cadets (liberals)
Kronstadt sailor revolt put down (1921)

19. The Communist Government
Dictatorship of the Proletariat
State government bureaucracies paralleled by Bolshevik organizations
Central Government:Council of People’s Commissars
Party: The Politburo is the supreme policy-making body of the Communist Party
Appointed by Central Committee of Communist Party
Came to overshadow the Central Committee
General Secretary of the Communist Party was the chairman of the Politburo (about members)
Lenin and after 1924, Stalin

21. The White Stallion
Must slay the Red
Dragon encircling
Russia!

22. The Cheka: The Secret Police
The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Struggle against Counter-Revolution, Sabotage and Speculation (the Cheka)
Protect regimes from counterrevolution
Organ of Terror
Summary justice: arrests and executions

24. You! Are You a Volunteer Yet!
(Bolshevik Propaganda Poster, 1920

25. New Economic Policy (NEP)
War Communism had led to starvation
NEP: Re-introduction of free market for agriculture (1921)
Lenin, responding to criticism from orthodox Marxists:
“Please don’t try teaching me what to include and what to leave out of Marxism: eggs don’t teach their hens how to lay!”

26. Bolshevik Culture
Women’s liberation: equal rights, right to divorce, equal pay
Popularity of cubism in art
Esparanto
Libertine attitudes about sex among young communists

27. Futurism Early 20th Century
Speed and energy were the main preoccupations of the Futurists from around dedicated to the triumph of motion in modern life. The machines of the 20th Century were the inspiration for this movement, sequential or multiple exposure photography were often used as reference for the art works. Brilliant colours and flowing brush strokes created the illusion of movement.
The Traveler: Liubov Popova

28. Suprematism Nonobjective representation
Self-portrait in two dimensions
By Malevich

29. Aero-plane
Flying, 1915

30. Lenin dies in 1924 Leadership Struggle Trotsky: Commissar of War
Stalin: General Secretary
Zinoviev: head of Comintern
Kamanev: head of Moscow Party Organization

31. The Body Remains-with daily chemical
Treatments to preserve it

32. Lenin Documentary from History Channel

33. The Father, The Son,
And the Holy Ghost?

34. Summary: Historiographical schools regarding Stalinism
Totalitarian argument: Stalinism is the logical outcome of Marxist Revolution
Revisionist argument: There was widespread social and political support for Stalinism because Marxist-Leninist modernized Russia, brought many people opportunity, and Stalin defeated fascist powers.
Postrevisionist argument: Careful archival history and primary source analyses reveal nuances that support both totalitarian and revisionist arguments.

35. Studying Soviet History
Traditional approach: focus on political leaders, policies, make generalizations about changes in Soviet society
Social History—studies the experience of many different peoples regarding how Stalinism affected them
Focus on specific populations—women’s history, ethnic and minority histories
Case studies
Heavy use of primary sources-diaries, photographs, oral history, documentation of everyday life

38. Totalitarianism What are the origins of totalitarianism?
To what extent did Stalinism receive popular support? To what extent was Stalinism sustained by terror?
“Stalin in the Kremlin Cares For Us”
(1940)

39. Totalitarianism
Friedrich and Brzesinski, “The Model of Totalitarianism”
“The basic features or traits that we suggest as generally recognized to be common to totalitarian dictatorships are six in number. The “syndrome” or pattern of interrelated traits of the totalitarian dictatorship consists of an ideology, a single party typically led by one man, a terroristic police, a communications monopoly, a weapons monopoly, and a centrally directed economy… These six basic features, which we think constitute the distinctive pattern or model of totalitarian dictatorship, form a cluster of traits, intertwined and mutually supporting each other, as is usual in “organic” systems. They should not be considered in isolation…”

40. Stalin consolidates power
Competitors forced into exile
Struggle was not so much over policy but over how centralized control was to become
Trotsky wanted more internal party democracy.
Stalin consolidated power by appointing local secretaries who in turn appointed delegates to Communist Congresses.

41. Trotsky Trotsky exiled 1928 Assassinated by Stalinist
Agents in 1937 in Mexico
City

42. Building a Communist Society
Rapid industrialization
Shift of population to cities
Education of people –gain in technical skills
“Socialism in One Country”
Focus of Communist Party becomes
modernization rather than international
revolution

43. Comparative Urbanization– living in town of more 20K
Accessed 24 Feb 2018

44. Stalin’s Opponents Left Oppositionist Right Oppositionist
Favored rapid industrialization, and collectivization (similar to Stalin’s perspective)
Wanted more internal democracy within Party
Most prominent Leftist
Trotsky, Zinoviev, and Kamenev
Right Oppositionist
Favored continuation of market-oriented agricultural policy (NEP)
Opposed coercion of peasants
Opposed class war between peasants and workers
Most prominent rightist
Bukharin: head of Comintern, theoretician

46. (1) What is the nature of Stalinism as a system (politically, economically, and ideologically)?

47. Stalin’s Five -Year Plan (1929)
Industrialization: focus on steel production and heavy machinery
Centralized planning—setting of target quotas for each plant
Collectivization of agriculture—reliable grain production at low prices
Organization of kohlkozy
93% of agriculture collectivized by 1937

48. Bruce Clark, “An Overview of the Soviet Economy,”
accessed 24 Feb. 2018

49. Source: Ibid.

51. My Grandfather atop Construction Materials for Moscow Subway: (1934)

52. Socialist Realism
Lenin With Villagers. Post-Stalin (1959). Painted by Evdokiya Usikova (Ukraine). Oil on canvas, 133cm x 197cm.

53. Socialist Realism Gorky and Lenin
socialist realism socialist realism, Soviet artistic and literary doctrine. The role of literature and art in Soviet society was redefined in 1932 when the newly created Union of Soviet Writers proclaimed socialist realism as compulsory literary practice. As conceived by Stalin, Zhdanov, and Gorky, socialist realism prescribed a generally optimistic picture of socialist reality and of the development of the Communist revolution. Its purpose was education in the spirit of socialism. Its practice is marked by strict adherence to party doctrine and to conventional techniques of realism. Socialist realism has been widely condemned as stifling to artistic values. After the death of Stalin in 1953 some relaxation of strictures was evident, although socialist realism continued as the official doctrine. A similar approach to the creation of art and literature was also enforced for a time in the People's Republic of China.
Gorky and Lenin

54. Karpo Demjanowitsch Trokhimenko: "Stalin as an organizer of the
October revolution". Oil on canvas, 85 x 117 cm

55. “To Collective Work”

56. Steel Workers. Stalin-era (1950).
Painted by V.Malagis. Oil on Canvas, 162 x 200cm.

57. Learn, Learn, Learn!
Iwan Alexejewitsch Wladimirow (Ivan Alekseevich Vladimirov): "In a Girls' School".

58. Roses for Stalin. Stalin-era (1949). Painted by
Boris Ieremeevich Vladimirski. Oil on canvas, x 141 cm.

59. Black Ravens Slang for the secret police Cars (passed censors!)
(unknown artist, 1930s)

61. Agenda: Wednesday Stalinism continued More Presentations
Homework: Cuba Assignment
Chapter 9 (?) on Cuba take notes, for Tuesday March 6
Watch “Fidel” American Experience video on YouTube,
Practice Paper 2 or 3 question: due Tuesday March 13

62. Theory/Evidence Consolidation of Control by Stalin Socialist realism
Totalitarianism
Communist ideology
Single party
Cult of personality
Terror
Propaganda
Violent
Revisionist historiography: popular support for regime
Postrevisionist: methodological emphasis on more social history, seeking balance
Consolidation of Control by Stalin
Socialist realism
Five-year Plan
Economic Growth/modernization
Fear/Gulag
Threat from Bourgeoisie (civil war), replaced by fear of fascism

63. Campaign against the Church
At the lower levels of the party, one of the touchstones of a good Communist was having rid oneself of the superstition of religion. Conversely, one of the most common ideological offenses for a party member was to have allowed his wife or other female relative to remain a believer, to christen their children, attend church, or keep icons in the house. Party members were frequently cross-examined on this score, as in this dialogue reported from a local party cell meeting:
(excerpted from Everyday Stalinism by Fitzpatrick)
Did you baptise your children?
The last one to be baptised in my family was my daughter in 1926.
At what date did you break with religion.
In 1923.
It seems that there are still icons in your house.
Yes, that's because my mother-in-law doesn't want me to take them down!

64. Purge Questions
What was he doing before 1917 and during the October Revolution? Was he at the front? Was he ever arrested before the revolution? Did he have any disagreements with the party? Does he drink? ... What does he think about Bukharin and the right deviation, about the kulak, the Five-Year Plan, the events in China? ... Is it true that he has a private automobile and a pretty wife who was an actress? ... Did he get married in church? Did he baptize his son? ... Whom did his sister marry?

65. Opposition to Collectivization
Report from the Italian consul in Novorossiisk:
The Soviet state is powerful, and armed to the teeth, but it cannot fight this sort of battle. There is no enemy against which to take up a battle formation on the steppes. The enemy is everywhere and must be fought on innumerable fronts in tiny operations, here a field need hoeing there a few hundredweight of corn are stashed; a tractor is broken here, another sabotaged there, a third has gone astray A depot has been raided, the books have been cooked, the directors of kohlkozy, through incompetence or dishonesty, never tells the truth about the harvest And so on, infinitely, everywhere in this enormous country The enemy is in every house, in village after village. One might as well try to carry water in a sieve (Courtois et al.163)

66. The Gulag
                                                                   
Two million deported to work camps, to work on various public works projects
Deportees were kulaks and many thousands that had been found guilty of minor crimes, opposing collectivization.

67. Map of Soviet Republics

68. Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Republics

69. Currently contested areas

70. Theory/Evidence Consolidation of Control by Stalin Socialist realism
Totalitarianism: orthodox school (1950s)
Communist ideology
Single party
Cult of personality
Terror
Propaganda
Violent
Revisionist historiography (1960s) popular support for regime
Postrevisionist (1970s-): methodological emphasis on more social history, seeking balance
Consolidation of Control by Stalin
Socialist realism
Five-year Plan
Economic Growth/modernization
Fear/Gulag
Threat from Bourgeoisie (civil war), replaced by fear of fascism

71. Analytical Questions Schools of thought:
Are dictatorships forced upon peoples?
Or, do people willing to give up freedom for security?
How much support for Stalin was there?
How can we as students of history answer these questions
Schools of thought:
Orthodox school: Friedrich/Brzesinki: Totalitarian School
Revisionist: Popular Support for Stalin
Postrevisionist: Methodology shift to social history, thesis—balance between orthodox and revisionist

72. For your consideration:
Are people willing to give up freedom for security?
Perhaps think of issues that we notice in our own lives.
How are you explaining Stalinism?
As dictatorship brutally imposed?
As with the social support of the people?
A mix?

73. Famine of
Grain requisitions from collective farms so high that peasants in grain-producing areas (especially the Ukraine) were left with nothing
Internal passports used to prevent peasants from coming to city
6 million dead

74. Famine
Victor Kravchenko was a Soviet official who escaped from the USSR Embassy in the United States in He described his life in the book I Chose Freedom. In 1933 he was one of the Communist agents assigned to safeguard the new harvest, the "Harvest in Hell" as he calls it:
"Although not a word about the tragedy appeared in the newspapers, the famine that raged ... was a matter of common knowledge.
"What I saw that morning ... was inexpressibly horrible. On a battlefield men die quickly, they fight back ... Here I saw people dying in solitude by slow degrees, dying hideously, without the excuse of sacrifice for a cause. They had been trapped and left to starve, each in his own home, by a political decision made in a far-off capital around conference and banquet tables. There was not even the consolation of inevitability to relieve the horror.

75. Letter from writer Mikhail Sholokhov, April 1933, and reply by Stalin
…The Vechenski district, along with many other districts in the Northern Caucuses, failed to fulfill its grain quota this year not on account of some “kulak sabotage,” but because of bad leadership in the local Party headquarters….
Last December the Party regional committee, with a view to accelerating the government’s collection campaign, sent the plenipotentiary Ovchinnikov. He took the following measures: (1) he requisitioned all available grain, including the advance given by the kohlkhoz leaders to all the collective farmers for sowing this year’s harvest; and (2) he divided by family the entire quota that was due to the state from the collective farmers. The immediate result of these measures was that when the requisitioning began, the peasants hid and buried the grain. The grand total found came to 5, 930 hundredweight… And here are some of the methods that were used to recover these 593 tons, some of which had been buried since 1918…
The “cold” method, the worker is stripped bare and left out in the cold, stark naked in a hangar. Sometimes the whole brigades of collective workers are treated in such a fashion…
It seems to you that this letter is worthy of the attention of the Central Committee, then please send us some real Communists, who could unmask the people here who have struck a mortal blow against the collective farming system. You are our only hope.

76. Letter from Stalin in reply…
….To avoid being mistaken in politics—and your letters, in this instance, are not literature, they are pure politics--- one must see another aspect of reality, too. And the other aspect in this instance is that the workers in your district—not just in your district, but in many districts—went on strike, carried out acts of sabotage, and were prepared to leave workers from the Red Army without bread! The fact that this sabotage was silent and appeared to be quite peaceful (there was no bloodshed) changes nothing---these people deliberately tried to undermine the Soviet state. It is a fight to the death, Comrade Sholohov!

77. Show Trials
Anti-capitalist revolution against civil servants, members of the clergy, shopkeepers and craftsmen
Accused of conspiracy against revolution were sent to the gulag
Trials and executions of Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1935

78. Great Terror of 1936-38: The Purges
Campaign to liquidate ex-kulaks, members of clergy, criminals and other anti-Soviet elements
Victims were ordinary Party members suspected of being sympathetic to Trotsky
6 million arrests
3 million executions
2 million deaths in camps

79. Letter to Dad interned in Gulag
Hello Papa I forgot how to write soon in School I will go through the first winter come quickly because it's bad we have no Papa mama says you are away on work or sick and what are you waiting for run away from that hospital here Olyeshenka ran away from hospital just in his shirt mama will sew you new pants and I will give you my belt all the same the boys are all afraid of me, and Olyeshenka is the only one I never beat up he also tells the truth he is also poor and I once lay in fever and wanted to die along with mother and she did not want to and I did not want to, oh, my hand is numb from write thats enough I kiss you lots of times ...       Igoryok 6 and one half years       - Letter to an imprisoned victim of Stalin's Purges, cited by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 2 (New York: Harper & Row, 1975), pp

80. “In the NKVD’s Dungeon”
By Nikolai Getman

81. “Moving Out”
Nikolia Getman

82. “Kolyma Highway” by Nikolai Getman (prisoners building a highway)

83. “Upper Debin Camp” by Nikolai Getman, Sign with Stalin’s portrait says, “Through honest labor lies the
Road to Release.”

84. “Lunchtime: They Bring in the Gruel”

85. “Taiga”

86. “Eternal Memory in the Permafrost”

87. The Purges
"Blind chance rules a man's life in this country of ours," said one NKVD officer, who found himself suddenly placed under arrest. For ordinary citizens, "Fear by night, and a feverish effort by day to pretend enthusiasm for a system of lies, was the permanent condition." (Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment, p. 434.)
Crush the Traitor!

88. Critical Reflection
To what extent do people willingly give up freedom for security? Consider the development of Stalinism and the three historiographical schools– orthodox (totalitarian), revisionist (social support for Stalinism), postrevisionist ( a mix). How do you explain the development of Stalinism?

89. People’s Century Red Flag

90. Mandelshtam died at the Vtorya Rechka work camp, December 27, 1938.
We live deaf to the land beneath us.
Ten steps away no one hears our speeches.
But where there’s so much as half-conversation
The Kremlin man of the mountains will be mentioned.
His fingers are fat as grubs
And the words, final as lead weights, fall from his lips,
His cockroach whiskers leer
And his boot tops gleam.
Around him a rabble of thin-necked leaders—fawning
Half-men for him to play with.
They whinny, purr or whine
As he prates and points a finger,
One by one forging his laws, to be flung
Like horseshoes at the head, the eye or the groin.
And every killing is a treat
For the broad-chested Ossete
“Stalin Epigram” (1934) by Osip Mandelshtam (read at a private gathering).
Informant reported poem to Stalin who telephoned another poet, Boris Pasternak, about what should be done with Mandelshtam. Pasternak gave an ambiguous answer.
Stalin replied, “If I had a poet friend who was in trouble, I’d throw myself at a wall to save him!”
Mandelshtam died at the Vtorya Rechka work camp, December 27, 1938.

91. "Only in Russia poetry is respected – it gets people killed
"Only in Russia poetry is respected – it gets people killed. Is there anywhere else where poetry is so common a motive for murder?"
Osip Mandelshtam

92. Who was responsible for the purges?
“Great massacres may be commanded by tyrants, but they are imposed by peoples”
H.R. Trevor Roper
Historian
Treachery and counterrevolution everywhere!…Perhaps there was an element of
Primitive magic in such words: what else could we do but try to ward off the evil
Spirits by uttering charms?”
Nadezhda Mandelstam

93. Stalinism
Brainstorm about its characteristics:

94. Elements of Stalinism Industrialization Urbanization—modernization
Collectivization
Changing Culture-literacy, education, health
Changing role of women
Terror and the Gulag
Show Trials
Cult of Personality
Communist designs—class, ideology, party
Treatment of groups within Russia

95. Elements of Stalinism Collectivization of Agriculture Five Year Plans
Bureaucratization under Party Control
Terror: the Gulag
Cult of Personality
Ideological Communist Fervor

96. Key Terms Chapter 5 (use additional references as needed)
First Five Year Plan
Industrialization
Collectivization
Kohlkozy
Kulaks
dekulakization
Trotsky
Zinoviev
Bukharin
Ukrainian famine
Internal Passports
Purges
Show Trials
Cult of Personality

97. Paper 1/Primary Source project
Identify one question about Stalinism ( ) your group wishes to investigate using primary sources.
Gather a balance of primary sources and secondary sources. Keep excerpts rather short and provide context as necessary.
Following the example of a Paper 1 exam from IB, write your own exam as a group. Put in Word/or some other program and to me with names of everyone in group (100 pts). Guideline for presentation of primary sources to class: be sensitive both in regards to your audience, and respectful about those you portray.
Present IB exam to the class and discuss answers.
Discuss what you have learned about the topic.

98. Chapter 6: Fitzpatrick Themes of the 1930s
Revolution Accomplished: Stalin celebrates the victory of communism in early 30s
Revolution betrayed: Thermidorean policies of mid-1930s
Revolutionary Terror: Great Purges of 37-38

99. Revolution Accomplished
Every smokestack and every tractor: victories for socialism
First Five Year Plan completed in 1932
Collectivization of agriculture
Peasants resentful of “second serfdom”
Kohlkozy were inefficient and poor
Peasants were allowed to small private plots that were highly productive

100. When is the victory complete?
Criteria for judging the revolution:
Life is getting better!
No more exploitation
No more class antagonisms
Withering away of the state
Stalin introduces the idea of communism as the condition when the state is no
Longer needed. But as long as there are hostile nation-states, the state will be
Necessary. Hence the Soviet Union is a socialist state.

101. 1936 Constitution Guarantee of equal rights
No more discrimination in favor of workers and against bourgeois or noble backgrounds
How serious a pledge?

102. Revolution betrayed? (mid-30s)
How much liberty, equality, fraternity?
Development of communist intelligentsia/bureaucrats
Apparatchiki-party officials
Nomenklatura—elite managers (subset of party)
Privileges gained from party membership
Material incentives for hard work
Return of entrance exams to high schools and college rather than use of social and political criteria
Return of respect for family: more difficult to get divorces, abortion outlawed

103. Stalin’s Opponents Right Oppositionist Left Oppositionist
Favored rapid industrialization, and collectivization (similar to Stalin’s perspective)
Wanted more internal democracy within Party
Most prominent Leftist
Trotsky,
Zinoviev – leader of Communist international, Politboro member
Kamenev: Politboro member
Right Oppositionist
Favored continuation of NEP
Opposed coercion of peasants
Opposed class war between peasants and workers
Most prominent rightist
Bukharin: theoretician

104. Hyperlink: Justification for Purges
Revolutionary Terror
Assassination of Leningrad Party Leader: Sergei Kirov (1934) sparks:
Trials of Oppositionists
Accused of being counterrevolutionaries, agents of foreign powers (Hitler had gained power in 33)
Millions sent to the Gulag
Revolutionary wartime logic:
Is it better that ten innocent men perish than one guilty man go free?

105. Mariinsky ballet of Leningrad renames the Kirov Ballet (’35), reverted to Mariinsky ballet again after the fall of communism

106. Show Trials
Anti-capitalist revolution against civil servants, members of the clergy, shopkeepers and craftsmen
Accused of conspiracy against revolution were sent to the gulag
Trials and executions of Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1935

107. Great Terror of 1936-38: The Purges
Campaign to liquidate ex-kulaks, members of clergy, criminals and other anti-Soviet elements
Victims were ordinary Party members suspected of being sympathetic to Trotsky
6 million arrests
3 million executions
2 million deaths in camps

108. Is terror a necessary part of Revolution
Is terror a necessary part of Revolution? Does the Revolution demand blood on a regular basis?
Betrayal
Conspiracies
Enemies
Logic of Revolution, Logic of Totalitarianism
Was the Terror inevitable?
Stalin’s consolidation of power
Logic of revolution demands purges
Defense against hostile capitalist and fascist world?
Or unnecessary?

109. The Purges
"Blind chance rules a man's life in this country of ours," said one NKVD officer, who found himself suddenly placed under arrest. For ordinary citizens, "Fear by night, and a feverish effort by day to pretend enthusiasm for a system of lies, was the permanent condition." (Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment, p. 434.)
Crush the Traitor!

110. Cycles of Revolutionary Fervor
Bring meaning to history
Periodic returns to the fundamentals of the revolution
Exhaustion
Followed by return of social stratification, elements of capitalism
Then Revulsion: New revolutionary fervor

111. Who was responsible for Stalinism?
“Great massacres may be commanded by tyrants, but they are imposed by peoples”
H.R. Trevor Roper
Historian
Treachery and counterrevolution everywhere!…Perhaps there was an element of
Primitive magic in such words: what else could we do but try to ward off the evil
Spirits by uttering charms?”
Nadezhda Mandelstam

112. Who was Responsible?
Richard Pipes in his book Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime: "Stalin was a true Leninist in that he faithfully followed his patron's political philosophy and practices. Every ingredient of what has come to be known as Stalinism save one -- murdering fellow Communists -- he had learned from Lenin, and that includes the two actions for which he is most severely condemned: collectivization and mass terror. Stalin's megalomania, his vindictiveness, his morbid paranoia, and other odious personal qualities should not obscure the fact that his ideology and modus operandi were Lenin's. A man of meager education, he had no other source of ideas."

113. The past is never dead. It's not even past.
William Faulkner, Requiem for a Nun (1951)

114. How do you assess the rule of Joseph Stalin?
Describe three interpretations of Joseph Stalin.
a. Uncle Joe b. Master Tactician
c. Brutal Dictator d. Cult Figure
e. Modernizer
Discuss the logic and evidence used by each one.
(2) What is your interpretation?

115. Quiz
(1) What is the nature of Stalinism as a system (politically, economically, and ideologically)?
(2) In your opinion, who is responsible for the intense suffering experienced under Stalinism?

116.    
David Low, Evening Standard, 1936

119. Paper 2 questions
Select two leaders of single party states, each chosen from a different region, and explain how and why the conditions of their state helped them to rise to power.
Select one leader of a single-party state, and explain why there was opposition to his rule, and why the opposition succeeded or failed.