1. Members: Zenab, Venus, Irla AP Bio, Pd. 7&8
Cancer
Members: Zenab, Venus, Irla
AP Bio, Pd. 7&8

2. What is Cancer? Cancer is defined as abnormal growth of cells.
Normal Cells:
normal cell reproduction and division via mitosis, except sex cells
Signaling works to tell the cell when to divide and stop division
Apoptosis and disposed of by white blood cells if damaged or diseased
Cancer Cells:
uncontrollable division based upon gene or chromosome mutations or outside factors
Lose ability to communicate via chemical signals with other cells
Mutations that hinder gene checking mechanisms that allow for apoptosis

3. Tumors Abnormal growth of tissues in the body Two types: Benign:
NOT cancerous
Don’t metastasize
Malignant:
ARE cancerous
Can metastasize relatively fast

4. Benign vs. Malignant

5. What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor?
20 seconds to write down/discuss answer

6. What causes cancer? Mutations Age Lifestyle and habits Family history
Environment
Health conditions
Exposure to harmful chemicals

7. Cancer and Cell Division

8. Describe the G1, G2, and S phases. What is the G0 phase?
40 seconds to answer

9. Question to Answer
Which of the following describes the cell activity during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
the cell undergoes mitosis
the cell is in a resting phase
DNA is replicated
the cell increases in size and produces new organelles

10. Checkpoints of the cell cycle
Major checkpoints:
G1 phase checkpoint
G2 phase checkpoint
M phase checkpoint
Times during which molecular signals either tell cell to stop or continue dividing
They are a part of the cell cycle control system

12. Proto-oncogenes Stimulates cell division
Ensures stopping at checkpoints appropriately
Mutated version: oncogenes
Oncogenes is always turned “on”, leads to uncontrollable cell growth

13. Tumor Suppressor Genes
Brakes for the G1 cycle of cell division, slows it down before S phase
Mutated: disable the normal brake mechanism, therefore causing excessive cell division
Turned “off”
p53: regulates cell division and apoptosis

14. How are proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes contrasted?
30 seconds to discuss/write down answer

15. DNA Repair Genes Correct errors that occur during DNA replication
Active throughout the cell cycle, G2 in particular
Mutated form leads to failure in reparation
Accumulation of mutations leads to uncontrollable cell division
Overwhelming damage leads to inability of reparation
BRCA1 and BRCA2

16. Means of treatment Screening Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy
CRISPR (possibly?)
Future

17. Bibliography
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