1. General Pathology – Seminar 2
Necrosis
Atrophy - causes
Jaroslava Dušková
Inst. Pathol. ,1st Med. Faculty, Charles Univ. Prague

2. Death
irreversible damage of the morphological & functional integrity of
cells
organism

3. Cell Death
apoptosis
necrosis

4. Apoptosis (cell execution / suicide) induced (from outside) or
genetically programmed cell death
(cell execution / suicide)
logical and functional contrary to mitosis
a system for the removal of unnecessary, aged, or damaged cells

5. Apoptosis -1
Triggered by a wide range of stimuli.
Cell surface receptors like Fas or tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1).
Interplay of proapoptotic (Bax, Bad, Bid, Bik, and Bim) and antiapoptotic (Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL) proteins

6. Apoptosis Morphology chromatin condensation cell shrinkage
budding and forming of apoptotic bodies
(emission of pseudopodia)
karyorrhexis
(not pathognomonic for apoptosis)

7. Apoptosis
Meaning
physiological process necessary for right organ formatting and life course
pathological process leading to organism damage - e.g. atrophy

8. Apoptosis intestinal mucose, genit. tract, Ontogenesis
immune system - T lymphocytes
Regeneration of tissues and organs
intestinal mucose, blood
Physiological involution
neonatal adrenal cortex, thymus,
breast after lactation period
Atrophy preassure, hyperplasia regression, slight ischemia

9. Necrosis
cell death caused from external insult

10. Necrosis Biochemistry no expression of genes de novo
energy dependent membrane systems damaged hypoxia, toxins
changes in concentrations of ions
increased water volume (oncosis)
autolysis

11. Necrosis Morphology pyknosis, karyorhexis, karyolysis
denaturation of proteins - eosinophilia
cell swelling
cell budding (cytoplasmic protrusions)

12. Necrosis Meaning pathological process leading to a temporary
organism damage or death

13. Necrosis liquefaction coagulation Classification
according to the tissue macroscopy:
simple
liquefaction
coagulation
+ special types: caseation, Zenker´s of waxy appearance

14. Necrosis - further development:no
death of organism
gangrene
sicca (dry g.)
humida (wet g.)
emphysematosa (gas g.)
demarcation, sequestration
regeneration
repair

15. Necrosis - Causes: chemical physical biologic
chlorinated hydrocarbons, heavy metal compounds, ethyl- alcohol, aphlatoxins, ...
physical
mechanical trauma, UV light, ionizing radiation, heat, cold, ….
biologic
bacteria, viruses, fungi...

16. Atrophy
diminution of organ or tissue after full development has been attained
(versus hypoplasia, aplasia)
simple (x hypertrophy)
numerical (x hyperplasia)

17. Atrophy - causes: vascular involution pressure senile inactivity
inanition
neurogenic
ionizing radiation
involution
senile
postinflammatory
endocrine
unknown cause

18. Atrophy - meaning: may be reversible
loss of specialised structures & hypofunction
clinically silent or unimportant (involution)
clinically apparent
metaplasia, increase of the supportive tissues - pseudohypertrophy