1. Predicting Reactions

2. General equation: AB + c  AC + B
Single Displacement
General equation: AB + c  AC + B + 
Like a “girlfriend thief”

3. Helpful Hints Metals replace metals and hydrogen
Halogens replace halogens
Metals + H2O metalOH + H2
Metal OH is metal hydroxide

4. Activity Series Most reactive Non-metals F2 Cl2 Br2 Most reactive I2Li Rb K Cs Ba Sr Ca Na Mg Al Ti Mn Zn Cr Fe Cd Co Ni Sn Pb H Sb Bi Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
Most reactive
Least reactive
Activity Series
Non-metals F2
Cl2
Br2 I2
Most reactive
Least reactive

5. Steps to Predicting Single Displacement Rxns
Look at the reactants given and determine if the single element is a metal or a halogen
Look at the compound given in the reactants, and find the same type of element (metal or halogen) identified in step 1
Find both elements on the reactivity series

6. Look at the products formed
If the element identified in step 1 is higher on the reactivity series than the element in step 2, then they will switch places to form new products
Look at the products formed
If the single element is a diatomic molecule, it needs a subscript of 2
If your compound is not neutral; look at the charges and add subscripts to make it neutral

7. 1. Zn + AgNO3
2. Cl2 + KI
3. Ag + KNO 3

8. A+B− + C+D− A+D− + C+B−

9. Steps to Predicting Double Displacement Rxns
Rewrite the cations from the reactants on the product side
Switch the anions, make sure new compounds are neutral!!
Use the solubility chart to identify the state of the products
Metal OH is metal hydroxide

10. Driving forces Formation of… How do you recognize it? Precipitate
Results in the formation of an insoluble product; use the solubility chart
Gas
You must memorize the combinations that decompose into gases (there are 4). You must also memorize the gaseous products that form.
Water
Reaction between an acid and base that results in a salt and water. You must memorize the short list of strong acids and strong bases so you will recognize all the weak acids and bases that dissolve, but do not dissociate into ions.

11. Precipitate rxns

12. Solubility is the property of a substance (solute) to dissolve in another substance (solvent).

13. Examples
Classify the following ionic compounds as soluble or insoluble:
silver sulfate (Ag2SO4)
calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
sodium phosphate (Na3PO4).
Answer to Practice Exercise: a) insoluble b) insoluble c) soluble

15. Precipitation of Lead Iodide

17. Acid-base rxns
acid + base salt + water

18. Strong acids Strong bases
Strong acids/bases are strong electrolytes and will completely dissociate in water.

20. Writing Net Ionic Equations
Write the balanced molecular equation.
Write the ionic equation showing the strong electrolytes completely dissociated into cations and anions.
Cancel the spectator ions on both sides of the ionic equation.
Check that charges and number of atoms are balanced in the net ionic equation.
Strong electrolytes = ionic compounds, strong acids, strong bases

21. Precipitate Reaction PbI2
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) PbI2 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)
molecular equation
Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2I-(aq) PbI2(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)
ionic equation
Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) PbI2 (s)
net ionic equation
K+ and NO3- are spectator ions

22. Neutralization Reaction
Strong acid + strong base salt + water
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O(l)
H+(aq) +Cl-(aq) +Na+(aq) +OH-(aq) Na+(aq) +Cl-(aq) +H2O(l)
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)

23. Reaction Involving a Weak Electrolyte
weak acid + strong base salt + water
HCN (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCN (aq) + H2O(l)
HCN(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) Na+(aq) + CN-(aq) + H2O(l)
HCN(aq) + OH-(aq) CN-(aq) + H2O(l)

24. Strong electrolytes = ionic compounds, strong acids, strong bases

25. Review of Concepts
Which of the diagrams here accurately describes the reaction between Ca(NO3)2(aq) and Na2CO3(aq)? For simplicity, only the Ca2+ (yellow) and CO32− (blue) ions are shown.

26. Gas forming rxns
Certain salts react with acids to produce gaseous products, you need to recognize these products as gases, and gases do not ionize

27. Secondary Decomposition
If you get one of these as a product in your molecular equation, they immediately breakdown

28. acid + salt salt + secondary decomp.
2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2CO3
H2O(l) + CO2(g)
2H+(aq) +2Cl-(aq) +2Na+(aq) +CO32-(aq) 2Na+(aq) +2Cl-(aq)
+ H2O(l) +CO2(g)
2H+(aq) + CO32-(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g)