1. Greek Verb System: Aspect

2. “Language is a portrayal of reality.” Aktionsart
Aspect
“Language is a portrayal of reality.”
Aktionsart
Example of Niagra Falls
“Is falling” or “was falling” or “has fallen”

3. Aspect 1. Continuous I am eating I was eating 2. Undefined I eat I ate
3. Perfective I have eaten

4. Aspect: Continuous Mark 1:21
“And they went into Capernaum, and immediately on the Sabbath he entered the synagogue and was teaching (ἐδίδασκεν)” (ESV).

5. Aspect: Continuous Mark 1:21
“Then they went into Capernaum, and immediately on the Sabbath He entered the synagogue and taught” (NKJV).

6. Aspect: Undefined 1 Tim 1:3
“As I urged (παρεκάλεσα) you when I went into Macedonia—remain in Ephesus that you may charge some that they teach no other doctrine” (ESV).

7. Aspect: Perfective 1 Cor 9:9
“For it is written (γέγραπται) in the Law of Moses: ‘Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain’” (NIV).

8. Aspect
Mark 8:34
“If anyone would come after me, let him deny (ἀπαρνησάσθω) himself and take up (ἀράτω) his cross and follow (ἀκολουθείτω) me.”

9. Aspect
Luke 9:23
“If anyone would come after me, let him deny (ἀπαρνησάσθω) himself and take up (ἀράτω) his cross daily (καθ ̉ ἡμέραν) and follow (ἀκολουθείτω) me.”

10. How Aspect Used
Examples from all tenses (slower)
“Narrow-Band” and “Broad-Band” (Wallace)

11. Narrow-Band: Instantaneous
John 3:3
“Jesus answered him, ‘Truly, truly, I say (λέγω) to you, unless one is born again he cannot see the kingdom of God’” (ESV).

12. Narrow-Band: Progressive
Rom 9:1
NIV: “I speak (λέγω) the truth in Christ—I am not lying.”
ESV: “I am speaking the truth in Christ—I am not lying.”

13. Narrow-Band: Ingressive
Matt 5:2
NIV: “And he began to teach (ἐδίδασκεν) them.”
ESV: “And he opened his mouth and taught them.”

14. Broad-Band: Iterative
1 Thess 5:17
NRSV: “Pray (προσεύχεσθε) without ceasing (ἀδιαλείπτως).”
NIV: “Pray continually.”
RSV: “Pray constantly.”

15. Broad-Band: Customary
Acts 3:10
NIV: “They recognized him as the same man who used to sit begging (ὁ ... καθήμενος) at the temple gate called Beautiful.”
ESV: “recognized him as the one who sat at the Beautiful Gate of the temple”

16. Broad-Band: Gnomic Matt 6:24
“No one can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be loyal to the one and despise the other” (NKJV).

17. “Aktionsart"
Lexical
Tense
Aspect
Grammar
Context