1. BLOOD TRANSFUSION BLOOD TRANSFUSION

2. INTRODUCTION A blood transfusion is a fairly simple medical procedure. In a transfusion, a patient receives whole blood or one of its parts through an intravenous line or IV. This is a tiny tube that is inserted into a vein using a small needle. Blood transfusion is usually done as a lifesaving maneuver to replace blood cells or blood products lost through trauma, injury or severe bleeding during surgery when blood loss occurs or to increase the blood count in an anemic patient.

3. Transfusions take 1 to 4 hours, depending on how much blood is given and the blood type. No special recovery time is needed. MEANING/DEFINITION Blood transfusion therapy refers to the process of administering whole blood or blood components to a patient through an intravenous[IV] needle or catheter placed in a patient’s vein. OR Blood transfusion is a medical treatment that replaces blood lost through injury, surgery, or disease. The blood goes through a tube from a bag to an intravenous[IV] catheter and into your vein.

4. TYPES OF BLOOD DONATION Blood can be provided mainly from three sources: Autologous blood [comprised of the patient’s own blood] Homologous blood [ blood donated from another person] Synthetic blood [blood products developed in a laboratory].

5. TYPES OF BLOOD PRODUCTS FOR TRANSFUSION Some types of blood products available for transfusion include:  Red Blood Cells[RBCs]  Platelets  Blood Clotting Factors  Plasma  White Blood Cells[WBCs]  Antibodies  Blood Substitutes

6. INDICATIONS o People who have surgery  heart surgery o People who have injury  Car crashes, war or natural disaster o People who have disease or because of illnesses they need blood  Anemia  bleeding disorders such as hemophilia and thrombocytopenia o Cancer patients requiring therapy o Women in childbirth and newborn babies in certain cases o Patients of hereditary disorders like haemophilia and thalassaemia o Severe burn victims o Inability to make enough blood

7. ARTICALS Blood recipient set[filter and tubing with drip chamber for blood combined set.

8. I.V. pole Gloves Gown Face shield

9. Multi – lead tubing Scissors

10. Whole blood or Packed RBC’s

11. 250 ml of Normal Saline Solution

12. Venipuncture equipment, if necessary[ should include 20 G or larger catheter.

13. Optional: ice bag, warm compresses

14. PREPARE A CLIENT Confirm that the transfusion has been prescribed. Check that patient’s blood has been typed and cross- matched. Verify that patient has signed a written consent form per institution or agency policy. Explain the procedure to the patient. Instruct patient in sign and symptoms of transfusion reaction [itching, hives, swelling, shortness of breath, fever, chills]. Take patient’s temperature, pulse, respiratiion, and blood pressure. Maintain proper lighting in room. Provide comfortable posision. Prepare your patient physically, mentally, and psychologically for procedure.

15. PRE-MEDICATION BEFORE TRANSFUSION Allergic reaction, anaphylaxis, hemolytic, non hemolytic reactions are the most common adverse reactions to other dangerous side effects from transfusion such as sepsis due to contaminated blood products and intravascular red cell haemolysis. In an effort to prevent these reactions, patients are given drugs prior to transfusion.

16. Here some drugs are used before transfusion :- Antihistamine {diphenhydramine hydrochloride [benadryl, diphen]} Analgesics and antipyretics{ Acetaminophen [ Tylenol, Panadol]} Osmotic diuretics {mannitol injection 20 percent USP [osmitrol]} Vasopressors {Epinephrine [Epi-Pen, Adrenaline], Dopamine [Inotropin]} Loop diuretics{Furosemide [Lasix]}

17. COMPACTIBILITY TEST The most important test include ABO blood typing, Rh typing, cross matchin, the direct anti globulin test, and the anti body screening test. The donor’s blood will also be screened for hepatitis B, syphillis, AIDS and the cytomegalo virus. Typing and cross matching establishes the compactibility between the donor and recipient, and minimize the risk of hemolytic reaction. Rh blood group- compose of the Rh+, Rh-.

18. BLOOD TYPES A blood group is an inherited feature. Because blood types are responsible for the interactions between cells such as red blood cells and the immune system, it is important that the blood cells match. THERE ARE FOUR BLOOD TYPES: A B AB O

19. O A AB B Blood types and their compatibility

20. Group O can donate blood to anybody. Its universal donor. But can only receive O. Group A can donate blood to A’s and AB’s. Group B can donate blood to B’s and AB’s. Group AB can donate to other AB’s. But can receive from any type. Its universal recipient. People with Rh- positive blood can get Rh- positive or Rh- negative. But people with Rh- negative blood should get only Rh- negative blood.

21. BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENSANTIBODIESCAN GIVE BLOOD TO… CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM AB A and B None ABAB, A, B, O A A BA and AB A and O B B AB and AB B and O O None A and BAB, A, B, O O

22. PROCEDURE

23. COMPLICATIONS

24. NURSING MANAGEMENT