1. A Behavioral Role for Dendritic Integration
Matthew F. Nolan, Gaël Malleret, Josh T. Dudman, Derek L. Buhl, Bina Santoro, Emma Gibbs, Svetlana Vronskaya, György Buzsáki, Steven A. Siegelbaum, Eric R. Kandel, Alexei Morozov 
Cell 
Volume 119, Issue 5, Pages (November 2004)
DOI: /j.cell

2. Figure 1
Short- and Long-Term Memory Is Enhanced by Deletion of HCN1 from Forebrain Neurons
The path length for mice to reach the platform in a water maze is plotted against the day of the experiment (D) or the trial number (T). The insets show the percentage of time spent in each quadrant of the pool during the corresponding probe trial.
(A) Data from the visible platform, nonspatial version of the water maze task (effect of genotype p > 0.05).
(B) The path length plotted against the day of the experiment for a four trials a day, hidden platform, spatial version of the water maze task. ANOVA indicated a significant difference between HCN1f/f,cre (n = 13) compared with HCN1f/f mice (n = 12) in path length and latency [F(1,24) = 9.48, p = for path length; F(1,24) = 7.05, p = 0.01 for latency]. Probe trial performance on day 7 was similar in both groups of mice (p = 0.29).
(C) The data from the same experiment as in (B) plotted as a function of the trial number on each day.
(D) Data from a one trial per day, hidden platform version of the water maze task. The path length for HCN1f/f,cre mice to reach the platform on the first session was reduced compared with HCN1f/f mice (p = 0.04). The path length (genotype effect p = 0.03) and latency (genotype effect p = 0.04) for HCN1f/f,cre mice to reach the platform was also reduced during the second week of testing.
(E) Data from a different group of mice with a four trials a day, hidden platform version of the water maze task, without priming prior to the first trial on day 1. There was no significant difference between HCN1f/f mice (n = 13) and HCN1f/f,cre mice (n = 14) (ANOVA, latency p = 0.21, path p = 0.19).
(F) Data from the same group of mice as in (E) tested with one trial a day hidden platform water maze task, without priming. Forebrain deletion of HCN1 enhanced performance of the mice during the second week of the experiment (genotype effect of ANOVA for 2nd week, path length p = 0.031, latency p = 0.028).
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )

3. Figure 2
HCN1 Is Not Required for Hippocampal Network Rhythms but May Selectively Suppress Theta Frequency Activity
(A and B) Power spectra of hippocampal local field activity from the CA1 pyramidal layer. Group data (mean ± SEM) during wheel running and REM sleep. Note significantly larger theta power peaks (p < 0.01) during both behaviors.
(C and D) Peak-triggered theta wave averages (±SEM) during wheel running and REM sleep. The area between peak and trough (∼0–90 ms) was significantly different between HCN1−/− and HCN1+/+ mice (p < 0.01) during both wheel running and REM sleep.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )

4. Figure 3
HCN1 Is Required for Rapid and Full Activation of Ih in CA1 Pyramidal Cells
(A) Examples of membrane currents (bottom) from HCN1+/+ (left) and HCN1−/− (right) mice, evoked by hyperpolarizing voltage steps (top). Voltage steps have duration 5 s and are from a holding potential of −50 mV to potentials down to −115 mV in 5 mV increments.
(B) Mean amplitude of Ih tail currents plotted against test potential. Ih from HCN1−/− mice is reduced to approximately 40% of that in HCN1+/+ mice (tail currents following steps to −115 mV: HCN1+/+ −144.7 ± 18.4 pA, n = 4; HCN1−/− −59.1 ± 15.4 pA, n = 5; p = 0.009).
(C and D) Membrane currents evoked by hyperpolarizing voltage steps as in (A) and mean tail currents as in (B), except data are from HCN1f/f (n = 6) and HCN1f/f,cre mice (n = 6). Deletion of HCN1 reduces Ih to approximately 30% of its control amplitude (tail current amplitudes following steps to −115 mV: HCN1f/f −126.6 ± 7.1; HCN1f/f,cre −40.6 ± 3.9; p = 0.003). In (B) and (D) the shallow slope of the I-V relationship is probably due to poor space clamp of currents originating from distal dendritic regions.
(E and F) Activation of current responses to steps from −50 mV to −110 mV (bottom traces), from HCN1f/f and (E) and HCN1f/f,cre mice (F). The residuals obtained from fitting the current activation with a single exponential (top) or with the sum of two exponentials (middle) are also shown.
(G) Mean time constants obtained from fitting the activation of Ih with a single exponential (top) or the sum of two exponentials (bottom) are plotted against the test membrane potential. Deletion of HCN1 caused an approximately 2.5-fold slowing of the activation time constant (tact) obtained by fitting with a single exponential (activation time constants at −115 mV: HCN1f/f ± 10.5 ms; HCN1f/f,cre ± 9.7 ms; p = 2.6e-05). The time constants for deactivation (tdeact) of Ih were also slowed by deletion of HCN1 (for steps from −115 mV to −50 mV, tdeact = ± 5.8 ms for HCN1f/f versus ± 9.0 ms for HCN1f/f,cre, p = 0.003).
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )

5. Figure 4
HCN1 Influences the Subthreshold Membrane Properties of CA1 Pyramidal Cells
(A and B) Examples of membrane potential responses (top) of CA1 pyramidal cells from a HCN1f/f (A) and a HCN1f/f,cre mouse (B) to a series of current steps (middle). The peak hyperpolarization (open symbols) and steady-state membrane potential (closed symbols) are plotted as a function of the current step amplitude (bottom). Dotted lines indicate the resting membrane potential.
(C and D) Comparison of the onset (C) and offset (D) of similar amplitude responses to currents steps demonstrates the faster membrane time constant of pyramidal cells from HCN1f/f compared with HCN1f/f,cre mice. Note the membrane potential “sag” following the peak hyperpolarization of the HCN1f/f response. Records are from the data shown in (A) and (B).
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )

6. Figure 5
HCN1 Preferentially Attenuates Responses of CA1 Pyramidal Cells to Low-Frequency Inputs
(A and B) The frequency-response properties of CA1 pyramidal cells from HCN1f/f (A) and HCN1f/f,cre mice (B) characterized by analysis of membrane potential responses to oscillating current inputs.
(A1 and B1) Examples of membrane potential responses (top) to oscillating current inputs (bottom).
(A2 and B2) Plot of membrane impedance as a function of input frequency calculated from the data in (A1) and (B1).
(C) Mean impedance magnitude (Z) and ratio of impedance magnitude in HCN1f/f to that in HCN1f/f,cre mice (Z ratio) plotted as a function of input frequency. Dashed lines indicate standard error of the mean. At frequencies <1.6 Hz the impedance of pyramidal cells from HCN1f/f,cre mice (n = 10) is significantly (p < 0.05) higher than HCN1f/f controls (n = 10). The preferential attenuation of low-frequency inputs by HCN1 channels is illustrated by the much smaller z ratio for input frequencies less than 2 Hz compared with input frequencies above 5 Hz.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )

7. Figure 6
Effects of HCN1 Knockout on Schaffer Collateral and Perforant Path EPSPs in CA1 Pyramidal Cells
(A and B) Schematic illustration of the recording configuration and examples of somatically recorded EPSPs evoked by stimulation of Schaffer collateral inputs (A) and perforant path inputs (B). Subthreshold Schaffer collateral EPSPs from HCN1f/f mice (n = 8) and HCN1f/f,cre mice (n = 10) had 10%–90% rise times of 6.3 ± 0.9 ms and 6.7 ± 1.6 ms, respectively (p = 0.84), decay times of 38.6 ± 7.0 ms and 51.3 ± 4.8 ms (p = 0.14), and areas of ± 55.9 mV.ms and ± 74.6 mV.ms (p = 0.02). The mean amplitude for HCN1f/f and HCN1f/f,cre Schaffer collateral EPSPs respectively, was 10.6 ± 1.6 mV and 11.5 ± 1.7 mV (p = 0.7) with a stimulus of duration of 0.1 ms and intensity of 6 ± 0.8 V and 5.7 ± 0.5 V (p = 0.75). Subthreshold perforant path EPSPs from HCN1f/f mice (n = 8) and HCN1f/f,cre mice (n = 12) evoked by stimuli of amplitude 15 V and duration 0.1 ms had 10%–90% rise times of 7.14 ± 0.52 ms and 8.82 ± 0.80 ms, respectively (p = 0.14), halfwidths of 38.8 ± 6.4 ms and 57.6 ± 4.6 ms (p = 0.03). The mean amplitude for HCN1f/f and HCN1f/f,cre perforant path EPSPs, respectively, was 1.6 ± 0.4 mV and 2.4 ± 0.3 mV (p = 0.1) in response to stimuli with amplitude of 15 V and 1.7 ± 0.5 mV and 3.59 ± 0.6 mV (p = 0.04) in response to stimuli with amplitude of 25 V.
(C) Plot of the relationship between stimulus strength and the slope of EPSPs in CA1 pyramidal cells, from HCN1f/f mice (n = 6) and HCN1f/f,cre mice (n = 8), evoked by stimulation of Schaffer collateral inputs.
(D and E) Plot of the amplitude (D) and the area (E) as a function of stimulus strength for perforant path EPSPs recorded from CA1 pyramidal cells.
(F and G) Plot of relationship between stimulus strength and the slope of field EPSPs recorded from stratum radiatum (F) (HCN1f/f, n = 10, HCN1f/f,cre, n = 16) or stratum lacunosum moleculare (G) (HCN1f/f, n = 8, HCN1f/f,cre, n = 11) in response to activation of Schaffer collateral or perforant path inputs, respectively.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )

8. Figure 7
HCN1 Constrains LTP at Perforant Path, but Not Schaffer Collateral Inputs to CA1 Pyramidal Cells
(A and B) The mean slope of Schaffer collateral (A) (HCN1f/f, n = 7, HCN1f/f,cre, n = 9) and perforant path (B) (HCN1f/f, n = 7, HCN1f/f,cre, n = 11) fEPSPs normalized to the average baseline slope is plotted as a function of time. LTP is induced at time zero. Insets show representative field EPSPs from HCN1f/f and HCN1f/f,cre mice. Scale bars in (A) are 10 ms and 0.5 mV and in (B) are 20 ms and 0.2 mV. There was a significant difference between HCN1f/f and HCN1f/f,cre mice in the amplitude of LTP 40 min after induction at perforant path (p = 0.001), but not Schaffer collateral inputs (p > 0.05).
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )

9. Figure 8 The Organization of Medial Temporal Lobe Circuits
Information flows through the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit from layer II of the entorhinal cortex (EC) via the dentate gyrus (DG) to CA3 and then to CA1. The input from CA3 to CA1, via the Schaffer collateral pathway, targets the proximal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons and is indicated by the dashed line. In addition, CA1 neurons receive a direct input from the EC to their distal apical dendrites via the perforant path indicated by the bold line. The distal apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons contain the highest density of HCN1 channels. This figure was modified from Huang et al., 1995.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )