1. Gross National Income(GNI) per capita
Account for the cause of ‘underdevelopment’ in Cambodia. Justify your answer by referring to relevant examples and literature.
Name: Kingdom of Cambodia
Cambodia Profile of Least Development Country(LDC)
Gross National Income(GNI) per capita
Place: South East Asia
Human Assets Index (HAI)
Population
Economic
Vulnerability
Index (EVI)
14.7 Million
Total land area
1810 Thousand Km²
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2016) Cambodia. Tokyo: Available from: 23/08/2018).
UN Economic Analysis & Policy Division (2018) LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRY CATEGORY: CAMBODIA PROFILE. New York: Available from: 23/08/2018).

2. Section 1. The war and Cambodia
The war led to considerable loss of life, human assets and left negative legacies for future development
Key Figures
How those it affects/What does it means
1.7 Million
Damaged the economy
Destroyed social services
rd /188
45: st /108
Low level of human development
20 people/ a year
＄340 Million
Government still have to spend money, time and manpower to landmines
Yale university (2018) Cambodian Genocide Program. Connecticut: Available from: 15/08/2018). UNDP (2016) Human Development Index (HDI). New York: Available from: 05/08/2018)
UNDP (2016) Pupil-teacher ratio, primary school (number of pupils per teacher). New York: Available from: 05/08/2018) MINE ACTION REVIEW (2017) CLEARING THE MINES London: Available from: 15/08/2018)

3. Section 2. The land issue in Cambodia
Accessibility of lands is crucial for people who are engaging in agriculture however many people in Cambodia suffer from landlessness.
Why land accessibility is important for Cambodian?
30.5%
GDP composition ratio
Accessibility of lands is important for both citizens and the nation
26.7%
Work forces
What is happening in Cambodia?
Landlessness 400,000 people have been affected by land grabbing ( )
KR policies
Deleted all record of land ownership
Economic Land Concession
In 2011, 54.9% of arable land was leased to private companies
300 villagers were destroyed their land by one ELC
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2016) Cambodia. Tokyo: Available from: 23/08/2018)
THE WORLD BANK (2017) Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate). Washington D.C.: Available from: 16 August 2018)
LICADHO (2009) Land Grabbing & Poverty in Cambodia: The Myth of Develoopment. Phnom Penh:LICADHO Available from: 20 August 2018) Pung, K. (2011) Land Issues in Cambodia. Phnom Penh: Available from: 05/08/2018)

4. Section 3. Health problems in Cambodia
The health system in Cambodia has performed poorly compared to other countries. Several indicators　that show it is still underdeveloped in health services
Basic information
Health expenditure
Life expectancy
Healthcare workers per population of 10,000
health services expenditures from out-of-pocket
Universal healthcare scheme coverage
Usage of healthcare scheme in rural area(%)
Cambodia
64.9
MD: 1 RD: 8
63%
24%
3% (Roughly)
Thailand
74.9
MD: 4 RD: 17
12%
98%
N/A
Vietnam
73.7
MD: 8 RD: 8
49%
65%
Laos
64.6
MD: 2 RD: 8
15%
CIA (2017) Cambodia. Virginia: Available from: 15/08/2018)
Phanphairoj, K & Loa, R. (2017) 'Comparison of the Determinants of the Health Service System and the Health Status of the People in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS)', Current Psychiatry Reviews, 13(4), pp
The Kingdom of Cambodia, National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health. (2011) Demographic and Health Survey. Phnom Penh: National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health.