1. Household Water Conservation
B K Auti
Radhabai Kale Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Ahmednagar.

2. Non-Consumptive Consumptive
Commercial
Domestic
Industrial
Mining
Livestock
Irrigation

3. Where is Water Used in PA?
Water Use (million gallons per day)
Thermoelectric (not shown) = 5,930

4. Shifting Population Changes Local Water Use
~20,000 new wells each year
Wells Drilled

5. Household Water Use in PA
1900
5 million residents
5 gallons per person per day
1995
12 million residents
69.3 gallons per person per day

6. Where is Water Used in the Home (69.3 gallons per person per day)

7. Why Conserve Water? Save money !! Conserve your supply for later use
Energy savings (from heating water)
Water savings (for those that pay for water)
Conserve your supply for later use
Rebates
Some utilities offer incentives for conservation
Reduce the load to your septic or sewer system
Make environmentally conscious decisions when possible

8. Achieving Water Conservation
Changes in habits
Little or no cost
Quick effect
Usually temporary
Water-saving appliances, fixtures
Can be expensive
Most are easily installed
Very effective
Permanent

9. Changes in Habits Often touted during droughts Examples
Shorter showers
Wait for full laundry loads
Less frequent toilet flushing
Reduce outdoor watering
No car washing

10. Toilets Largest user of water in most homes
Average use = 5.1 flushes per person per day
Conventional = 4 to 5 gallons per flush (gpf)
New toilets = 1.6 gpf
1.6 gpf toilets have been required since 1994

11. Clothes Washers Average use = 2.6 loads per week per person
Conventional = 45 to 51 gallons per load (gpl)
Front-loading = 27 gpl
Disadvantages
More expensive initially
Bending to get clothes
Longer wash time
Advantages
Significant energy savings
Less detergent
Less drying needed
Larger load capacity
Cleaner clothes
Less wear and tear on clothes

12. Dish Washer 50% of homes have one Similar water use to hand-washing
Average use = about 1 load per week per person
Conventional = about 11 gallons per load
Water efficient = 4 to 7 gpl

13. Other Water-Saving Toilets
Composting toilet and composter
Mostly commercial or recreational uses
Air-assisted
Utilizes air compressor
About 0.5 gallons per flush
Noisy
Composting
No water use
Requires careful maintenance
Best for low-use situations
Air-assisted

14. Faucets Average use = 4 minutes per day per person
Conventional = 3 to 6 gallons per minute
Low-volume = 1.5 gallons per minute
(as low as 0.5 gpm for bathroom)
Very inexpensive
2.5 gpm faucets required since 1994

15. Showerheads Average use = 8 minutes per day per person
Conventional = 3 to 6 gallons per minute
Low-volume = 2 to 2.5 gallons per minute
Some have manual shut-off for extra savings
Very inexpensive
Savings depend on habits also
2.5 gpm showerhead required since 1994

16. Effect of Water Conservation
Water Use (gallons per day)
Normal use = 68 gallons per day per person
Conservation use = 38 gallons per day per person

17. Estimated Annual Water and Energy Savings (family of four)
Water Savings Energy Savings
Appliance (gallons) (kilowatt hours)
Low-flush toilet 18,
Low-volume showerhead 4,
Low-volume faucet 9,
Front-loading washer 13, ,300
Water-efficient dishwasher
Total 44, ,450
Annual Dollar Savings
Water 44,600 $0.005 per gallon ~ $225
Energy 2,450 $0.08 per kWh ~ $200

18. Outdoor Water Conservation
Outdoor use usually small in PA (< 10%)
High percentage is evaporated (consumptive use)
First target of drought restrictions
Examples
Rain barrels to collect roof water
Drip or soaker hoses for irrigation
Nighttime watering
No car washing, filling pools, etc.

19. Water Resources Planning Act (Passed December 2002)
Objectives
Estimate how much water we have
Determine how much we use
Estimate how much we will need
Creates a State Water Plan
Registration of all large water users
Those using >10,000 gallons per day
Water conservation education and assistance
Identification of critical water resources planning areas
Precursor to water resources based planning?