1. Boku University Institute of Forest Ecology Course of, Biodiversity and Conservation of Mountain Forests Home Work on Monitoring the impact of tourism in national parks By, Kidia Kessiee

2. Introduction National parks are seen as major nature-based tourism attractions have to conserve the landscape and wildlife, let people visit and enjoy the area and help support local people Monitoring is the systematic and periodic measurement of key indicators of biophysical and social conditions

3. Introduction Monitoring is an essential component of any planning or management process, for without monitoring, managers know nothing about progress towards the objectives they have been set or have set themselves Tourism is the largest service industry worldwide, with ecotourism becoming an increasingly important segment of the market

4. Introduction Every year, millions of tourists around the world visit protected areas or travel to destinations for nature-based recreation According to WTTC estimates, travel and tourism achieved the following economic impact directly and indirectly in 2001: – USD3.3 trillion contribution to global GDP, – almost 11% of total GDP; – 207 million jobs worldwide, – over 8% of all jobs; – USD630 billion in capital investment, – almost 9% of all capital investment

5. Introduction According to Eagles et al. (2002), there are two particular aspects of monitoring tourism in protected areas: monitoring visitor impacts Monitoring service quality But this presentation focus on monitoring visitor impacts The objective of this presentation is to; observe the negative and positive impacts of tourism on national parks and reveal the ways to make tourism sustainable in national parks

6. The positive and negative impacts of tourism on national parks Posetive impacts og tourism on national park Jobs for local people, Income for the local economy Helps preserve rural services like buses, village shops and post offices Increased demand for local food and crafts Tourists mainly come to see the scenery and wildlife, so there is pressure to conserve habitats and wildlife.

7. The positive and negative impacts of tourism on national parks Negative impacts of tourism Damage to the landscape litter, erosion, fires, disturbance to livestock, vandalism Traffic congestion and pollution Jobs are mainly seasonal, low paid with long hours

8. Makes Tourism Sustainable Sustainable tourism development requires the informed participation of all relevant stakeholders, as well as strong political leadership to ensure wide participation and consensus building Countries and regions where the economy is driven by the tourism industry are becoming increasingly concerned with the environmental, as well as the socio-cultural problems associated with unsustainable tourism

9. Makes Tourism Sustainable National Park Authorities work with local communities and other organizations to try and make tourism more sustainable Here are just some of the things we do: o Run green business schemes to encourage businesses to recycle, reduce energy, conserve water and be sustainable o Reduce erosion caused by visitors, by creating and repairing footpaths o Encourage small-scale renewable energy schemes o Encourage visitors to buy local products and food o and others

10. References Buckley, R. and J, Pannell, 1990. Environmental impacts of tourism and recreation in national parks and conservation reserves. Journal of Tourism Studies 1(1): 24–32. Cole, D. N., Petersen, M. E., and R. C, Lucas, 1987. Managing wilderness recreation use: common problems and potential solutions. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-230. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT, USA. Dowling, R.K, 1993. Tourism Planning, People and the Environment in Western Australia. Journal of Travel Research 31(4): 52–58. Eagles, P, McCool, S and C, Haynes, 2002. Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas Guidelines for Planning and Management. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 8. The World Conservation Union. McNeely, J. A. and J. W, Thorsell, 1989. Jungles, Mountains, and Islands: How Tourism can Help Conserve the Natural Heritage. World Leisure and Recreation 31(4): 29–39. UNEP and WTO, 2005. Making Tourism More Sustainable. A Guide for Policy Makers. Madrid, and Paris. Wight, P.A, 1996. Planning for Success in Sustainable Tourism. Invited paper presented to Plan for Success Canadian Institute of Planners National Conference, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, June 2–5. WTTC, 2001. Tourism Satellite Accounting Research. World Travel and Tourism Council. London and New York. http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/learningabout/ourchallenges/tourism/impactsoftourism.htmhttp://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/learningabout/ourchallenges/tourism/impactsoftourism.htm. Available at May, 2012.

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