1. Chapter 19 FORCED CONVECTION
Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences, 3rd Edition Yunus A. Cengel, Robert H. Turner, John M. Cimbala
McGraw-Hill, 2008
Chapter 19 FORCED CONVECTION
Mehmet Kanoglu
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Objectives
Understand the physical mechanism of convection and its classification
Visualize the development of thermal boundary layer during flow over surfaces
Gain a working knowledge of the dimensionless Prandtl and Nusselt numbers
Develop an understanding of the mechanism of heat transfer in turbulent flow

3. PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF CONVECTION
Conduction and convection both require the presence of a material medium but convection requires fluid motion.
Convection involves fluid motion as well as heat conduction.
Convection heat transfer cofficient is a strong function of velocity.

4. Convection heat transfer strongly depends on the fluid properties:
dynamic viscosity,
thermal conductivity,
density,
specific heat,
fluid velocity,
geometry ,
the roughness of the solid surface,
the type of fluid flow (such as being streamlined or turbulent).
Newton’s law of cooling
Convection heat transfer coefficient, h: The rate of heat transfer between a solid surface and a fluid per unit surface area per unit temperature difference.

5. How to determine heat transfer coefficient in each cases involving force convection?
Due to no slip condition, heat transfer between plate and adjacent fluid layers (stick to plate, no fluid motion) is conduction heat transfer.
As we move far from solid surface, heat is convected due to fluid in motion.
Equate two of the above equations, we obtain,
It shows that we need to find the temperature gradient at the wall in order to evaluate the heat transfer coefficient, h.
h varies along flow direction and thus, the average value of h was used.

6. How to determine heat transfer coefficient in each cases involving force convection?
Due to no slip condition, heat transfer between plate and adjacent fluid layers (stick to plate, no fluid motion) is conduction heat transfer.
As we move far from solid surface, heat is convected due to fluid in motion.
Equate two of the above equations, we obtain,
It shows that we need to find the temperature gradient at the wall in order to evaluate the heat transfer coefficient, h.
h varies along flow direction and thus, the average value of h was used.

7. A non dimensional heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt Number, was introduced. This number represent represent the ratio of conductive heat transfer to convective heat transfer. It tell us about the enhancement of heat transfer through fluid layer as a result of convection relative to conduction across the same fluid layer.
Before we proceed further, let us see another parameter for convection heat transfer i.e. Prandtl Number.

8. Boundary Layers Velocity Boundary Layer Thermal Boundary Layer
Prandlt Number relate the velocity boundary layer and thermal boundary layer.

9. HOW DOES NUSSELT, PRANDTL HELP IN DETERMINING HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, h?
Case 1: Parallel Flow Over Flat Plates
Still remember, Re, Recr?
Flow over flat plates, transition from laminar to turbulent, Recr = 5 x 105
Below is how the Nusselt, Prandtl and Reynolds number are interrelated. The average Nu,
k: thermal conductivity of fluid

10. Ex 19-1

11. FLOW ACROSS CYLINDERS AND SPHERES
Flows across cylinders and spheres, in general, involve flow separation, which is difficult to handle analytically.
Flow across cylinders and spheres has been studied experimentally by numerous investigators, and several empirical correlations have been developed for the heat transfer coefficient.
Variation of the local heat transfer coefficient along the circumference of a circular cylinder in cross flow of air

12. For flow over a cylinder
The fluid properties are evaluated at the film temperature
For flow over a cylinder
For flow over a sphere
The fluid properties are evaluated at the free-stream temperature T, except for s, which is evaluated at the surface temperature Ts.
Constants C and m are given in the table.
The relations for cylinders above are for single cylinders or cylinders oriented such that the flow over them is not affected by the presence of others. They are applicable to smooth surfaces.

15. PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF NATURAL CONVECTION
Many familiar heat transfer applications involve natural convection as the primary mechanism of heat transfer. Examples?
Natural convection in gases is usually accompanied by radiation of comparable magnitude except for low-emissivity surfaces.
The motion that results from the continual replacement of the heated air in the vicinity of the egg by the cooler air nearby is called a natural convection current, and the heat transfer that is enhanced as a result of this current is called natural convection heat transfer.
Next week monday
The warming up of a cold drink in a warmer environment by natural convection.
The cooling of a boiled egg in a cooler environment by natural convection.

16. NATURAL CONVECTION
How to represent net buoyancy force and temperature? They used volume expansion coefficient, β.
The coefficient of volume expansion is a measure of the change in volume of a substance with temperature at constant pressure.

17. Rayleigh Number – product of Grashof and Prandtl
Grashof number: Represents the natural convection effects (the ratio of buoyancy force to the viscous force).
Rayleigh Number – product of Grashof and Prandtl
In forced convection – flow is governed by non-dimensional Reynolds number (ratio of inertia forces to viscous forces). In natural convection – flow is governed by Grashof number (ratio of buoyancy force to the viscous force).
C and n depend on geometry of the surface and the flow regime. Usually, n is ¼ for laminar and 1/3 for turbulent. C is normally < 1.
Nusselt Number for any geometry can be calculated, refer Table 20-1
Convection Heat Transfer Rate,

18. Ex – 20-1 Heat Loss from Hot Water Pipe pg 844
Ex – 20-2 Cooling of a Plate in Different Orientations
Pg 845