1. Pietro Terna pietro.terna@unito.it
Department of Economics and Finance “G.Prato”
University of Torino - Italy
The co-evolution of enterprise systems and employment structures
web.econ.unito.it/terna
web.econ.unito.it/terna/jes
cover
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

2. _______________________________________
jES jES O F
_jES→jES O F
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

3. java Enterprise Simulator
From jES …
java Enterprise Simulator
jVE→jES
… to jES Open Foundation to simulate multi-model frameworks of system of units or agents
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

4. _______________________________________
jES basics
_jES basics
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

5. WD side or formalism: What to Do
Three formalisms
WD side or formalism: What to Do
DW side or formalism: which is Doing What
WDW formalism: When Doing What
WD, DW, WDW
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

6. recipe = a sequence of steps to be executed to produce a good
A dictionary
unit = a productive structure; a unit is able to perform one of the steps required to accomplish an order
order = the object representing a good to be produced; an order contains technical information (the recipe describing the production steps)
recipe = a sequence of steps to be executed to produce a good
dictionary
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

7. _______________________________________
A flexible scheme in jES Open Foundation
_A flexible scheme
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

8. Units … 2 1 3 1 4 2 1 5 3 DW … on a toroidal space
DW: a flexible scheme 1
Each unit is able to do a specific step … 5
(left and right borders and top and bottom ones are close together) 3
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

9. WD
… of a recipe
with the recipes of the orders (what to do) expressed as sequences of numbers; orders with recipes are randomly generated with different lengths and structures or “distilled” from a sequence of predetermined events
5 3 …
WD: recipes
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

10. moving around among units
DW and WD
moving around among units 2 1 3 1 4 2
moving recipes ? 1 5 3
lack of visibility
Visibility is a metaphorical representation of trustiness and cooperation in a social network; when global visibility increases, we have more “social capital”
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

11. new units appear randomly or in a planned way (enterprise creation)
Visibility increases with the time (initial visibility is randomly chosen)
new units appear randomly or in a planned way (enterprise creation)
with strategic relationships …
… or alone
visibility changes
visibility and …
some units are dropped out
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

12. The left (blue) bar of each unit reports the number of waiting orders (do be done)
The right (red) bar of each unit reports the number of unsent products, due to the fact that a unit able to do the required step does not exist or is not visible
… bars
The down (grey) bar of each unit reports the number of consecutive clock ticks in which the unit has been idle
If > maxInactivity the unit is dropped out and all unsent products are lost
If > maxUnsentProducts the unit is dropped out and all unsent and waiting products are lost
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

13. jES Open Foundation many levels
recipe generator or distiller
recipe generator or distiller
each unit owns a public matrix
each unit owns a public matrix
many levels
recipes
recipes
recipe generator or distiller
The system uses only simple recipes containing computational steps applied to unit matrixes and to general matrixes
built in a parametric way by the Observer
each unit owns a public matrix
jES Open Foundation
recipes
recipe generator or distiller
each unit owns a public matrix
recipes
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

14. Memory matrixes data are reported in a text file (unitData/memoryMatrixes.txt)
number(from_0_ordered)_rows_cols
memory matrixes
Mandatory first line
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

15. Recipes with computations
time specification: seconds
External format (remember: step, time specification, time):
1 s 1 c s 2 3 s 2
1 s 1 c s 2
1 s 1 c s 2
1 s 1 c s 2
step in recipe
a step with computation: step 2, requiring 2 seconds, involves computation 1999 with 3 matrixes (those numbered 0, 1, 3 in the previous Figure)
time in seconds
a step with computation: step 7, requiring 2 seconds, involves computation 1998 with 1 matrix (that numbered 3 in the previous Figure)
computational steps 1/2
Intermediate format (remember: each step is repeated for each unit of time):
Computational steps
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

16. Computational steps, Java code
The Java Swarm code used by the recipes with the example code c 1998
/** computational operations with code (a code for the checking
* phase of the program *
* this computational code place a number in position 0,0 of the
* unique received matrix and set the status to done */
public void c1998(){
mm0=(MemoryMatrix) pendingComputationalSpecificationSet.
getMemoryMatrixAddress(0);
layer=pendingComputationalSpecificationSet.
getOrderLayer();
mm0.setValue(layer,0,0,1.0);
mm0.print();
done=true;
} // end c1998
Computational steps, Java code
computational steps 2/2
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

17. _______________________________________
preys-predators
_ preys-predators
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

18. predatorsReproducing#
Recipes ;
grassGeneration 1 c
1201 2 s
utility
100
1100 3 #
Recipes ;
preysEating 1
1001 s c
1202 2
timeStep 23
1299
preysReproducing 4
1206
simple spreadsheets
recipes #
Recipes ;
predatorsEating 1
2001 s c
1202 2
1001
timeStep 23
1299
predatorsReproducing 4
1206
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

19. #
sequence 1 * 50 ; #
sequence 1 *
100 23 4 ;
simple spreadsheets
sequences #
sequence 1 * 33 23 4 ;
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

20. text files unit_#___prod.phase_# 1 1 unit_#___prod.phase_# 1001 1001
1 1
unit_#___prod.phase_#
text files
units
unit_#___prod.phase_#
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

21. Tutorial, step3b / time 278, look at the complex codetermination of grass, preys and predators
preys-predators 1/5
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

22. Tutorial, step3b / time 744, another codetermined configuration
preys-predators 2/5
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

23. Tutorial, step3b / time 1056, another codetermined configuration
preys-predators 3/5
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

24. Tutorial, step3b / time 1648, another codetermined configuration
preys-predators 4/5
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

25. Tutorial, step3b / time 3448, predators disappeared at 2132, now we have a simplified two stage model
preys-predators 5/5
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

26. _ workers-skills-firms 1/3
_______________________________________
workers-skills-firms
_ workers-skills-firms 1/3
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

27. _ workers-skills-firms 2/3
The environment is a social space with metaphorical distances representing trustiness and cooperation among production units (the social capital). The production is represented by a sequence of orders; each order contains a recipe, i.e. the description of the sequence of activities to be done by several units to complete a specific production.
Two units can cooperate in the production process only if they are mutually visible in our social network.
Units that do not receive a sufficient quantity of orders, as well as the ones that cannot send the accomplished orders to successive units, disappear.
New enterprises continuously arise, in the attempt of filling the holes of our social network. A complex structure emerges from our environment, with a difficult and instable equilibrium whenever the social capital is not sufficient.
_ workers-skills-firms 2/3
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

28. _ workers-skills-firms 3/3
In a parallel way, other layers of the economic structure can evolve, always in an agent base perspective: banking system, employment structures, …
In this model the focus is related to employment: when an enterprise produces a good, the sequence of the activities must match the presence of working units with the required skills. In this context a fine grain description of the steps in the recipes is needed.
Adequate labor units can be lacking, thus fostering the emergence of competition among production units in the hiring process.
Products change over time; as a consequence, productions units and labor skills have to adapt continuously, with co-evolutionary effects.
_ workers-skills-firms 3/3
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

29. Version 0, no links between firms and workers
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

30. Version 1, new workers with skills equal to that of their neighbors
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

31. Version 2, new workers with skills randomly distributed in the stratum space
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

32. Version 3, new workers with skills equal to that of their neighbors, but arising in unequal quantities
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

33. Version 4, new workers with skills randomly distributed in the stratum space, but arising in unequal quantities
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

34. web.econ.unito.it/terna/jes
 web.econ.unito.it/terna
web.econ.unito.it/terna/jes
June 5-7, 2005
SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino