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Marshallese Language Experience (Katak Kajin Majol)
Hawaii TESOL May 15th, 2019 Brent A. Green The white and orange portions of the band represent, respectively, the Ratak Chain ("sunrise") and the Ralik Chain ("sunset"), as well as symbolizing peace and courage. The sun's 24 points represent the number of electoral districts, while the four elongated points represent the principal cultural centers of Majuro, Jaluit, Wotje and Ebeye.
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Today’s Plan Where in the world are the Marshall Islands?
Brief discussion of the history Discussion of the Marshallese Sound System Basic language functions: Greetings, Sharing Basic Information, Numbers Song-Ij Iokwe Lok Aelon Io Ao (Former National Anthem)
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Where in the world are the Marshall Islands?
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Atolls
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The Marshall Islands History
Migration and Precontact Spain (mid 1500s, very little contact) Germany Protectorate (late 1800s) Japan (after WWI) The United States (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after WWII) Independence (1979) and the Compact of Free Association (1986) Challenges of the 21st Century Global warming Flooding and drought Economic hardships Population 72,179 (living in the Marshall Islands) 6000 (Arkansas) (see Sierra Club article) 7000 (Hawaii) 3000 (Spokane)
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The Pacific Proving Grounds
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Random Fact: Jose Salvador Alvarenga—438 Days at Sea
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Marshallese Sound System Information adapted from Practical Marshallese by Peter Rudiak-Gould 2004.
Vowels a, ā, e, i, o, ō, o, u, ū Consonants b, d, j, k l, ļ, m, m, n, n, n, p, r, t, w See handout
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a What it really is: this letter actually stands for two different sounds; in some words it is like the ‘o’ in cot, and in other words it is halfway between the ‘o’ in cot and the ‘a’ in cat* Good enough: always pronounce it cot ak ‘but, or’ ta ‘what’ pako ‘shark’
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ā What it really is: halfway between pet and pat
Good enough: pronounce it pet āne ‘island’ mā ‘breadfruit’
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b What it really is: at the end of words, or when there are two b’s in a row, pronounce it like an English p, but with the lips slightly rounded and the tongue pulled back and raised at the back of the mouth, giving it a ‘darker’ sound; everywhere else, like English b but with the lips and tongue as described above Good enough: like English p at the end of words, but b everywhere else ba ‘say, tell’ baba ‘dad’ jaab ‘no’
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d What it really is: like a Spanish trilled (rolled) r, but the tongue is right behind the teeth instead of further back Good enough: like a Spanish untrilled (not rolled) r, or the light t in English ‘gotta’ dik ‘small, young’ jidik ‘a little’ ad ‘our’
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e What it really is: this letter actually stands for two different sounds; in some words it is like pet, and in other words it is halfway between pet and pit Good enough: always pronounce it pet etal ‘go’ men ‘thing’ ne ‘foot, leg’
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i What it really is: like beat at the end of words or when there are two i’s in a row; like yet at the beginning of words if it is followed by a vowel; like bit everywhere else Good enough: pronounce it beat, bit, or yet based on how it sounds in the word in ‘of’ ni ‘coconut’ iokwe ‘hello, love’
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j What it really is: halfway between pats and patch (or mass and mash) at the beginning or end of a word, or if there are two j’s in a row; everywhere else, halfway between maze and the second ‘g’ in garage Good enough: pronounce like English s, sh, or ch at the beginning and end of words; pronounce it as in garage everywhere else jambo ‘take a walk’ jijet ‘sit down’ moj ‘finished’
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k What it really is: at the beginning or end of a word, or when there are two k’s in a row, like cot, but with the tongue a little further back; everywhere else, like got, again with the tongue a little further back Good enough: when between two vowels, pronounce it like got; otherwise pronounce it like cot ki ‘key’ kiki ‘sleep’ ek ‘fish’
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l What it really is: like lull, but NOT like lull; the tip of the tongue touches the ridge behind the teeth Good enough: like English l lo ‘see’ ilo ‘in, at’ al ‘sing, song’
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l What it really is: like lull, but NOT like lull; the tip of the tongue touches the ridge behind the teeth, and the back of the tongue is pulled back and raised at the back of the mouth, giving it a ‘darker’ sound Good enough: like English l laddik ‘boy’ tala ‘dollar’ al ‘sun’
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m What it really is: like an English m Good enough: same as above
maron ‘can’ im ‘and’
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m What it really is: like an English m, but with the lips rounded and the tongue pulled back and raised at the back of the mouth, giving it a ‘darker’ sound Good enough: like an English m mama ‘mom’ emman ‘good’ em ‘house’
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n What it really is: like an English n Good enough: same as above
nana ‘bad’ ioon ‘on’
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n What it really is: like sing (the only difference in Marshallese is that it can be put at the beginning of a syllable, not just at the end) Good enough: same as above na ‘me’ mona ‘eat’ jan ‘cry
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n What it really is: like English n, but with the tongue pulled back and raised at the back of the mouth, giving it a ‘darker’ sound Good enough: like English n no ‘wave’ konaan ‘want, like’ en ‘that’
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o What it really is: this letter actually stands for two sounds; in some words it is tone, with the lips rounded, and in others it is halfway between tone and tune, with the lips rounded Good enough: always pronounce it like tone ko ‘run away’ kajoor ‘strong’
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o What it really is: this letter actually stands for two different sounds; in some words it is halfway between beat and boot, with the tongue a little lower, and in other words it is halfway between bet and boat Good enough: in some words it is like buck, in other words it is like book won ‘turtle’ won ‘who’ monono ‘happy’
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o What it really is: like pot, but with the lips rounded (the stereotypical way that people on the East Coast pronounce August or awful) Good enough: pronounce it like pot or boat lojet ‘ocean’ enno ‘tasty’
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p What it really is: at the end of a word or when there are two p’s in a row, pronounce it like English p; everywhere else pronounce it like b Good enough: like English p at the end of words, or b everywhere else pepe ‘decide’ iiep ‘basket’
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r What it really is: like a Spanish trilled (rolled) r
Good enough: like a Spanish untrilled (not rolled) r, or the light t in English ‘gotta’ ripalle ‘American’ ire ‘fight’ iar ‘lagoon’
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t What it really is: at the beginning or end of a word, or when there are two t’s in a row, like English t, but with the tongue pulled back and raised at the back of the mouth, giving it a ‘darker’ sound; everywhere else, like d but with the tongue as described above Good enough: when between two vowels pronounce it like English d; otherwise pronounce it like English t ti ‘tea’ itok ‘come’ aet ‘yes’
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u What it really is: like English tune, with the lips rounded
Good enough: same as above tutu ‘wet, take a shower, go swimming’
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u What it really is: halfway between beat and boot
Good enough: like book ul ‘fin’ wut ‘flower’
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w What it really is: like English w Good enough: same as above
wa ‘boat, vehicle’ awa ‘hour, time’
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Beginning Phrases—Hello and goodbye
Marshallese Translation Iokwe (yokwe) love Hello or Goodbye Iokwe iokwe love/love Hello Iokwe eok (yuk) love/you(singular) Hello or Goodbye (to one person only) Iokwe kom love/you(plural) Hello or Goodbye (to more than one person) Iokwe aolep love/all Hello everyone or Goodbye everyone Bar lo eok again/see/you(singular) See you later (to one person only) Bar lo kom again/see/you(plural) See you later (to more than one person)
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Beginning Phrases—Good morning, afternoon, evening, and night
Marshallese Translation Morning! (from English) Good morning Iokwe in raelep love/of/afternoon Good afternoon Iokwe in jota love/of/evening Good evening Good night! Good night
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Beginning Phrases—How are you?
Marshallese Translation Emman mour? good/life How are you? Ej et mour? it-PRESENT/do what?/life Emman it-good I’m fine Elukkuun emman it-really/good I’m doing great Emmantata it-good-est / it is the best I’m doing fantastic! Ebwe it-okay I’m so-so Enana it-bad I’m not doing so well Elukkuun nana It-really bad I’m doing horribly Ak kwe? What about/you How about you?
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Beginning Phrases—I’m sorry
Marshallese Translation Jolok bod throw away/mistake I’m sorry or Excuse me Jolok ao bod throw away/my/mistake Ejolok it-thrown away You’re forgiven Ejolok am bod it-thrown away/your/mistake Ej emman wot That’s okay Jab inepata not/worry Don’t worry about it Ejjelok jorraan there is no/problem No problem Ejjelok problem
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Beginning Phrases—What’s your name? Thank you and you’re welcome
Marshallese Translation Etam? Name-your What’s your name? Eta in ____ Name-my/of/ My name is _____ Marshallese Translation Kommool You-thanked Thank you Kommooltata You-thanked-est Thank you very much Kon jouj For/kindness You’re welcome Jouj Kindness Marshallese Translation Kommool ak ij jab You-thanked/but/I-PRESENT/not No thank you Kommool ak ij jab kijor You-thanked/but/I-PRESENT/not/take offer
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Other Vocabulary Marshallese Translation aet yes jaab no lo see enno
tasty mona food monono happy naninmej sick
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Dialogue A: Iokwe eok. A: Hello.
B. Iokwe. Emman mour? B: Hi. How’s it going? A: Emman. Ak kwe? A: Good. How about you? B: Ebwe. Etam? B: So-so. What’s your name? A: Eta in Essa. Ak kwe? A: My name is Essa. What about you? B: Eta in Lisson. Bar lo eok. B: My name is Lisson. See you later. A: Bar lo eok. A: See you later.
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Write your own dialogue and practice with a classmate
B:
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Numbers 1-9 11-19 10-90 100-900 1000-9000 1 juon 11 jonoul juon
100 jibukwi 1000 juon toujin 2 ruo 12 jonoul ruo 20 ronoul 200 rubukwi 2000 ruo toujin 3 jilu 13 jonoul jilu 30 jilnoul 300 jilubukwi 3000 jilu toujin 4 eman 14 jonoul eman 40 enoul 400 ebukwi 4000 eman toujin 5 lalem 15 jonoul lalem 50 lemnoul 500 limabukwi 5000 lalem toujin 6 jiljino (jijino) 16 jonoul jiljino 60 jiljinonoul 600 jiljinobukwi 6000 jiljino toujin 7 jimjuon 17 jonoul kimjuon 70 jimjuonoul 700 jimjuonbukwi 7000 jimjuon toujin 8 ralitok 18 jonoul ralitok 80 ralitonoul 800 ralitokbukwi 8000 ralitok toujin 9 ratimjuon 19 jonoul ratimjoun 90 ratimjuonoul 900 ratimjuonbukwi 9000 ratimjuon toujin
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Time Marshallese Translation Jete awa? how many/time What time is it?
Jete awa kiio? how many/time/now What time is it now? Jete awa ippam? how many/time/with you What time do you have? Ruo awa two/hour Two o’clock Ruo awa jonoul minit two/hour/ten/minute 2:10 Ruo awa jimattan two/hour/half Half past two Jonoul minit nan ralitok awa ten/minute/to/eight/hour Ten to eight Jogoul minit jan ralitok awa ten/minute/from/eight/ hour Ten after eight
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Age Price Marshallese Translation Jete am iio? how many/your/year
How old are you? ____ ao iio ____/my/year I am _____ years old Price Marshallese Translation Jete wonan? how many/price-its How much does it cost? Jete wonan ____ how many/price-of/____ How much does ____ cost? Jiljino tala six/dollar Six dollars Lemnoul jaan fifty/cent Fifty cents Jiljino tala lemnoul jaan six/dollar/fifty/cent $6.50
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Dialogue—Can you figure out what is being said?
A: Iokwe in raelep. B: Iokwe iokwe. Ej et mour? A: Elukkuun emman. Etam? B: Eta in Tonika. A: Jete am iio kiio? B: Ronoul ao iio. A: Jete awa ippam? B: Juon awa jimattan. A: Kommooltata. Iokwe eok. B: Iokwe.
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Ij Iokwe lok aelon eo ao Ij io̧kwe ļo̧k aelōn̄ eo aō, ijo iaar ļotak ie, Meļan ko ie, im iaļ ko ie, im iiāio ko ie. Ij jāmin ilo̧k jāne, bwe ijo jikū em̧ool. Im aō ļām̧oran indeeo. Em̧m̧an 'ļan̄n̄e inaaj mej ie. I love my islands where I was born. The surroundings, the paths, and the gatherings. I cannot leave here because this is my rightful place. My family heritage is forever here. It is best for me to die here.
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Sources Peter Rduiak-Gould’s webpage where you can download Practical Marshallese Nik Wison’s free Marshallese-English Dictionary can be downloaded here Great 2019 Sierra article on the Arkansas Marshallese Diaspora can be found here.
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