1. The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

2. Do Now 3/13
In part 1 of the POGIL why were some types of E. coli able to survive while others died?

3. Per 6
When the environment chooses what traits are beneficial for living and passed on to offspring, meaning living things are determined by environmental factors.
Do we still like this definition?
Lab practical Monday/Tuesday

4. Per 9
In an environment untouched by humans the more traits that an organism has that suits the environment the more likely they are to survive, thrive, and reproduce.

5. Do Now 3/14
Why do most hand sanitizers say they kill 99.99% of bacteria?

7. Per 1
The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment will survive more successfully than those not so, and will produce more offspring.
Do we still like this definition?
Lab practical Monday/Tuesday

8. Evolution of Evolutionary thinking (Pre-Darwinian)
Lamarck ( ) – French naturalist, proposed a theory that organisms were driven by some inner force toward greater complexity. But thought that org. could pass on traits to their offspring that they acquired during their lives. (“Lamarckism”, proposed in 1809)

9. Lamarckism
Lamarck based his theory on two observations thought to be true in his day:
“Use it or lose it” - Individuals lose characteristics they do not require and develop those which are useful.
Inheritance of acquired traits - Individuals inherit the acquired traits of their ancestors.

10. Lamarckism This theory was later disproved!
Examples include: the stretching by giraffes to reach leaves leads to offspring with longer necks;
Strengthening of muscles in a blacksmith's arm leads to sons with similiar muscular development.
This theory was later disproved!

11. Darwin’s Voyage Charles Darwin Set sail on the HMS Beagle in 1831
Became the ship’s naturalist
Arrived in the Galapagos Islands in 1835
Observed that the animals on the islands were similar to those on the mainland

12. Darwin’s Voyage Galapagos Animals
The Galapagos animals, while similar, were also different from island to island as well as to the mainland
Most obvious difference were the sizes and shapes of the finches’ (small birds) beaks
Sizes and shapes of the beaks were adapted to what the birds ate

13. Galápagos Finches Beak shape varies depending on diet. Berry eater
Seed eaters
Cactus eaters
Insect eaters

14. Darwin’s Voyage On the Origin of Species (Darwin’s book)
For the 20 years that followed his return to England Darwin studied plants, animals and adaptations
Darwin wrote about how species can change gradually over many, many generations and become better adapted to new environmental conditions.

15. Do Now 3/27
How do you think Earth was different when the first living organisms were here?
HW due Friday

16. Evolution The gradual change in a species over time.
The basic theory of biological evolution states that the Earth’s present-day species developed from earlier, distinctly different species.

17. Evolution
Billions of years ago, life on Earth is thought by many scientists to have begun as simple, single-celled organisms.
About a billion years ago, increasingly complex multicellular organisms began to evolve.

18. Do Now 3/27
How do you think Earth was different when the first living organisms were here?
HW due Friday

19. Natural Selection
Organisms that are better adapted to an environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than organisms that are less well adapted.

20. Evolution of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
Some bacteria have a mutation in their genes that prevents them from being killed by antibiotics
When exposed to antibiotics, most bacteria die, except for the resistant ones.
Resistant bacteria survive and reproduce.

21. Bacterial Resistance

22. Adaptations Katydids have camouflage to look like leaves.
Non-venomous king snakes mimic venomous coral snakes.

24. Factors that affect Natural Selection:
Competition: since food and resources are limited, the offspring have to compete to survive
Darwin called it: “Struggle for existence”

25. Factors that affect Natural Selection:
Overproduction most species produce far more offspring than will/can survive
Overproducers
Producers
mature rapidly 
mature slowly
short-lived: most die before they reproduce
live long lives: low juvenile mortality rate 
have many offspring - tend to overproduce
have few offspring at a time
invest little in individual youngsters 
care for their young
population not regulated by density: boom and bust population figures
population stabilizes near carrying capacity

26. Factors that affect Natural Selection:
Variation: Members within a species exhibit individual differences – these differences must be inheritable (Genetic Variability!)
Natural selection won’t work in a population of clones! Remember that a key to variation is sexual reproduction.

27. Factors that affect Natural Selection:
Survival to reproduce: Only those individuals that are better suited to the environment will survive and reproduce (“Survival of the fittest” vs fitness*).
Fit individuals pass on to a portion of their offspring the advantageous characteristics.

28. Question
Explain how one factor we talked about can affect natural selection and the evolution of a species.
What type of characteristics is “survival of the fittest” describing. What may be a better word to describe this?

29. How do new species form? Natural Selection Continental Drift
Changes in environment
Mutations
Man

30. Pangaea
Continental Drift
Fossil records show that when the continents were connected animals walked across. When the continents separated, the animals were separated.

31. Changes in the Environment
Example, the pepper moth.
Originally, the pepper moth was white, which was good because it could blend in.
Then, trains were invented and the soot they produced covered the trees. Making the trees black. The moths that were black could now survive better.

32. Mutations
Some species are more susceptible to mutations. Some mutations allow the animal to survive; other mutations do not allow the animal to survive. The mutations that do not decrease the chance of survival remain.

33. Man: Artificial Selection
Selective breeding as practiced by humans on domesticated plants and animals….
For example: Dogs

35. Do Now 4/1 Whales have hip bones?!?!?!?!?!
What do you think this tells us about the evolution of whales?

36. Do Now 4/2 Complete the front of the sheet from yesterday.
HW: 3-5 multiple choice questions with 4 potential answers by Thursday
TEST FRIDAY

37. Evidence of Evolution Fossil Record Similarities in Body Structure
Similarities in Early Development
Vestigial Structures
Similarities in DNA

38. Fossil Record How fossils form
An organism dies and becomes buried in sediment
Minerals gradually replace the bones and more sediments cover the fossil
Pterodactyl
Trilobite

39. Similarities in Body Structure
If the two organisms have body structures that are similar, they must have had a common ancestor.

40. Homologous Structures
Homologous Structures-structures that have different mature forms in different organisms, but develop from the same embryonic tissue

42. Similarities in Early Development
Scientists look at embryos of different organisms and find that many embryos resemble one another.

43. Vestigial Structures
Vestigial Structures: A structure found in an organism that is no longer in use but may have been useful at some point in the organism's life.
Whales possess a femur and pelvis, but these bones are no longer useful to the mammals.
Tail present in human and all vertebrate embryos. In humans, the tail is reduced; most adults only have three to five tiny tail bones and, occasionally, a trace of a tail-extending muscle.

44. Vestigial Structures Why do some snakes have tiny, functionless spurs?
Ancestral snakes with legs?

45. Similarities in DNA
The more similar the sequences of DNA are, the more closely related the organisms are.
Humans and chimpanzees DNA is more similar than human DNA is to dog DNA.

46. Vestigial Structures
Vestigial Structures: A structure found in an organism that is no longer in use but may have been useful at some point in the organism's life.
Whales possess a femur and pelvis, but these bones are no longer useful to the mammals.