1. Introduction to Statistics for the Social Sciences SBS200 - Lecture Section 001, Spring 2019 Room 150 Harvill Building 9:00 - 9:50 Mondays, Wednesdays & Fridays.

2. Even if you have not yet registered your clicker you can still participate
The
Green
Sheets

3. Lab sessions No Class on Monday No Labs next week
Everyone will want to be enrolled
in one of the lab sessions
No Class on Monday
No Labs
next week

4. Schedule of readings Before next exam (February 8)
Please read chapters in OpenStax textbook
Please read Appendix D, E & F online On syllabus this is referred to as online readings 1, 2 & 3
Please read Chapters 1, 5, 6 and 13 in Plous
Chapter 1: Selective Perception
Chapter 5: Plasticity
Chapter 6: Effects of Question Wording and Framing
Chapter 13: Anchoring and Adjustment

7. Two parts to any study: independent vs dependent variable
Are commercials with animals funnier than commercials without animals? Please rate these commercials (some have animals, some don’t)
What are you measuring?
What is the dependent variable?
The rating of the commercials (from 1 – 10)
What is the independent variable?
Whether or not there is an
animal in the commercial
How do your groups differ?
Review

8. Quasi versus True Experiments
Random assignment: all participants have an equal probability
of being assigned to every level of the independent variable
Non-random assignment: self selection or subject variables
Quasi or True design?
Cell phones
and driving
Sleep
and memory
Gender and spending
Sometimes random assignment is not possible
Review

9. Random sampling vs Random assignment
Random assignment of participants into groups:
Any subject had an equal chance of getting assigned to
either condition (related to quasi versus true experiment)
Random sampling of participants into experiment:
Each person in the population has an equal chance
of being selected to be in the sample
Population: The entire group of people about whom
a researcher wants to learn
Sample: The group of people who actually participate
in a research study
Review

10. Within - participant (same as within - subject) & Between - participant (same as between - subject)
Within-participant design: each subject participates in every
level of independent variable (aka repeated measures)
Between-participant design: each subject participates in only
one level of independent variable
Within or between participant design?
Music make plants grow?
Animals make funnier commercials?
Effect of sleep on memory ability

11. Practice with types of methodologies
If you want to know if studying improves test performance in young children
Break up group of kids into two groups by asking if they would like to study
What is the independent variable?
Group 1 - studies & tested
What is the dependent variable?
How many levels are there of the IV?
Is this a “quasi” or “true” experiment?
“Between” or “within” participant design?
Group 2 - does not study & tested

12. Practice with types of methodologies
If you want to know if “Ginseng drink” is associated with feelings of satisfaction
What is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
First test group with placebo drink (sugar pill)
How many levels are there of the IV?
“Between” or “within” participant design?
Then test same group with “Ginseng drink”

13. Placebo

14. Placebo (single blind) versus double blind procedure
What about experimenter bias?

15. Handedness - right handed or left handed
Categorical versus Numerical data
Categorical data (also called qualitative data)
- a set of observations where any single observation is a
word or a number that represents a class or category
Numerical data (also called quantitative data)
- a set of observations where any single observation is a
number that represents an amount or count
Handedness - right handed or left handed
Family size
Temperature
(Fahrenheit)
Hair color
Ethnic group
GPA
Age
Yearly salary
Breed of dog
Gender - male or female

16. Characteristics of a number “levels of measurement”
Ratio
Absolute
zero
Most numeric
Categories
Intrinsic
ordering
Equal sized
intervals
Units
meaningful
Interval
Names
Categories
Intrinsic
ordering
Approaching
Numeric
Ordinal
Categories
Least
numeric
Names
Nominal
Weakest

17. What are the four “levels of measurement”?
Qualitative
Nominal data - classification, differences in kind, names of categories
Ordinal data - order, rankings, differences in degree

18. What are the four “levels of measurement”?
Qualitative
Nominal data - classification, differences in kind, names of categories
Ordinal data - order, rankings, differences in degree
Quantitative
Interval data - measurable differences in amount, equal intervals
Ratio data - measurable differences in amount with a “true zero”

19. What are the four “levels of measurement”?
Qualitative
Nominal data - classification, differences in kind, names of categories
Ordinal data - order, rankings, differences in degree
Quantitative
Interval data - measurable differences in amount, equal intervals
Ratio data - measurable differences in amount with a “true zero”
Gender - male or female
Family size
Jersey number
Place in a foot race (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc)
Handedness - right handed or left handed

20. What are the four “levels of measurement”?
Qualitative
Nominal data - classification, differences in kind, names of categories
Ordinal data - order, rankings, differences in degree
Quantitative
Interval data - measurable differences in amount, equal intervals
Ratio data - measurable differences in amount with a “true zero”
Age
(Time passed - duration)
Temperature
(Kelvin Scale)
Ethnic group
Telephone number
Temperature
(Fahrenheit)
Hair color
Breed of dog
Yearly salary

21. Writing Assignment – Pop Quiz
Ari conducted a watermelon seed spitting experiment. She wanted to know if people can spit farther if they get a running start. She tested 100 people. She randomly assigned them into one of two groups. One group stood still on the starting line and spit their watermelon seeds as far as they could. The second group was allowed to run up to the starting line before they spit their watermelon seeds. She measured how far each person spit their watermelon seeds.
Please answer the following questions
1. What is the independent variable?
2. The independent variable: Is it continuous or discrete?
3. The independent variable: Is it nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio?
4. What is the dependent variable?
5. The dependent variable: Is it continuous or discrete?
6. The dependent variable: Is it nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio?
7. Is this a quasi or true experiment?
8. Is this a within or between participant design
9. Is this a single blind, double blind or not at all blind experiment?
10. Be sure to put your name on this page

22. Writing Assignment – Pop Quiz
Ari conducted a watermelon seed spitting experiment. She wanted to know if people can spit farther if they get a running start. She tested 100 people. She randomly assigned them into one of two groups. One group stood still on the starting line and spit their watermelon seeds as far as they could. The second group was allowed to run up to the starting line before they spit their watermelon seeds. She measured how far each person spit their watermelon seeds.
Running versus standing still
Please answer the following questions
1. What is the independent variable?
2. The independent variable: Is it continuous or discrete?
3. The independent variable: Is it nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio?
4. What is the dependent variable?
5. The dependent variable: Is it continuous or discrete?
6. The dependent variable: Is it nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio?
7. Is this a quasi or true experiment?
8. Is this a within or between participant design
9. Is this a single blind, double blind or not at all blind experiment?
10. Be sure to put your name on this page
Discrete
Distance that the seed was spit
Nominal
Continuous
True Experiment
Ratio
Between
Not at all

23. Thank you!
See you next time!!