1. Rationalizing the differences between thermo-optical OC/EC methods.
Kochy Fung
Atmoslytic Inc.
Calabasas, CA
Judith C. Chow, and John G. Watson
Desert Research Institute
Reno, NV
Presented at the
EMEP Workshop on Particulate Matter Measurement and Modeling
April 20, 2004

2. Objectives
Provide an overview of methods to measure particulate carbon in ambient air
Rationalize the differences
Resolve them?

3. Difficulties with OC and EC sampling and analysis
No common definition of what “EC” is for atmospheric applications
It’s not graphite, diamond, or fullerenes
Light absorption efficiencies are not constant
They vary depending on particle shape and mixing with other substances
OC and EC properties on a filter differ from those in the atmosphere
OC gases are adsorbed onto the quartz filter at the same time that semi-volatile particles evaporate

4. Sampling Quartz fiber filter: Impactor
Positive artifact due to gas adsorption
Correction: Parallel sampling with backup filter behind Teflon
or quartz filter.
Approach inadequate - variable adsorption characteristics.
Negative artifact from evaporation of SVOC
Impactor

5. At Least 15 International Thermal Combustion Carbon Measurement Methods are Present with Different Operating Parameters
Combustion atmospheres
Temperature ramping rates
Temperature plateaus
Residence time at each plateau
Optical pyrolysis monitoring configuration/wavelength
Standardization
Oxidation and reduction catalysts
Sample aliquot and size
Evolved carbon detection method
Carrier gas flow through or across the sample
Location of the temperature monitor relative to the sample
Oven flushing conditions

6. Speciation Principles
Selective Oxidation: OC oxidized first
100% O2 at 340oC - 2-step method ( Cachier, 1989)
100% O2 temp. ramping - Evolved Gas Analysis (Novakov, 1981)
MnO2 at 525oC - TMO (Fung, 1982, 1990)
Thermo-volatilization in Helium:
EC is non-volatile
Needs charring correction - T, R
NIOSH 5040 & variations - STN, MSC-1, others
IMPROVE

7. Different thermal evolution protocols give different results for black carbon Schmid, H.P., Laskus, L., Abraham, H.J., Baltensperger, U., Lavanchy, V.M.H., Bizjak, M., Burba, P., Cachier, H., Crow, D.J., Chow, J.C., Gnauk, T., Even, A., ten Brink, H.M., Giesen, K.P., Hitzenberger, R., et al., Results of the "Carbon Conference" international aerosol carbon round robin test: Stage 1. Atmospheric Environment 35 (12), Many called TOT, but temperature protocols differ from STN
11TOT
10TOT
11bTOT
12TOT
13TOR

8. IMPROVE protocol corrects for pyrolysis by reflectance (TOR), has low initial temperatures (120 and 250˚C ), long residence time ( seconds) at each temperature, carbon peaks back to baseline, 550 ˚C max in He

9. STN protocol corrects for pyrolysis by transmittance (TOT), has high initial temperature (310˚C), fixed and short residence times ( seconds), 900 ˚C max in He

10. To understand differences, test a few variables at a time, keeping everything else the same Case 1: 1) TOT/TOR correction, 2) IMPROVE/STN temperatures

11. IMPROVE and STN total carbon are the same

12. EC differs within protocol:. Larger pyrolysis correction for TOT
EC differs within protocol: Larger pyrolysis correction for TOT. Thus TOT-EC < TOR-EC

13. IMPROVE-TOR and STN-TOR yield the same EC Why?

14. Case 2: Front and back half of filter Much of low temperature OC is adsorbed organic vapor

15. Adsorbed organic vapor within the filter char

16. Within filter charring is larger for STN because initial temperature steps are higher: less OC to char with IMPROVE and correction is smaller
TOR is less sensitive to internal charring than TOT because it is dominated by the surface deposit, not by charred organic vapors in the filter

17. Case 3: Soot and iron oxide mixtures
UC-Davis : Ethylene / Acetylene / Fe(CO)5

18. IMPROVE - Soot only Most soot at 550oC in O2/He
Broad soot peak means slow oxidation in O2/He
Gradual rise in laser signals R T

19. IMPROVE - Soot with iron oxides
Most soot is still at 550oC in O2/He
Sharper soot peak means faster oxidation in O2/He
Iron oxides promote soot oxidation
Sharp rise in laser signals

20. STN - Soot only Laser R and T rise >700oC in He
Most soot at 900 oC in He
Some soot in O2/He

21. STN - Soot with iron oxides
Laser R and T rise >700oC in He
Sharp R and T increase at 900 oC in He
No soot in O2/He

22. Summary - factors contributing to the difference between STN and IMPROVE
Temperature:
Higher temperatures enhance matrix effects such as oxidation & catalytic reactions
Charring more likely at higher temperatures
Temperatures specified by thermal protocols may not be the actual sample temperatures
This temperature bias causes variations in carbon fractions and contribute to discrepancies in interlab comparisons and uncertainties in receptor modeling using carbon fractions.

23. Summary - continued Residence time:
Shorter time at a given temperature leads to less resolved OC fractions, causing more OC to evolve at the next step
Shifting OC towards higher temperature could result in higher charring propensity
Pyrolysis Correction:
Transmittance is influenced by internal charring, leading to a greater correction.
Reflectance is affected mainly by the particulate deposit, so a smaller correction.