1. Solutions

2. Solutions
Solute – the substance that dissolves in the solvent Solvent – the dissolving medium A solution can exist as a gas, liquid, or solid depending on the state of its solvent.

3. Soluble, Insoluble
A substance that dissolves in a solvent is said to be soluble in that solvent. A substance that does not is said to be insoluble in that solvent.

4. Factors that affect rate of solvation?
? You should know at least 2 of these from past lectures/life

5. Solubility
Only a limited amount of solute can dissolve in a given amount of solvent
Each solute has a characteristic solubility.
Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature and pressure (usually expressed in grams of solute per 100 g of solvent).

7. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Solutions
In a saturated solution, the maximum amount of solute is dissolved
In an unsaturated solution, the solution contains less than the maximum amount of solute
A supersaturated solution contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution. Unstable.

8. Electrolytes and Colligative Properties
Colligative properties are those properties that are changed by the number of dissolved particles in a solution
Colligative properties include:
Vapor pressure lowering
Boiling point elevation
Freezing point depression

9. Nonelectrolytes and electrolytes in aqueous solution
Sucrose in solution (nonelectrolyte)
Does not conduct electricity
NaCl in solution (electrolyte)
Does conduct electricity

11. Percent by Mass
mass of solute x 100 mass of solution (solute + solvent)

12. Percent by Volume
volume of solute x 100 volume of solution

13. Moles of solute Liter of solution
Molarity
Moles of solute Liter of solution

14. M1V1 = M2V2 Diluting Solutions Where M1 = Initial concentration
M2 = Final concentration (diluted condition)
V1 = Initial volume
V2 = Final volume (diluted condition)

15. Determining Values for solutions
You have a stock solution of 50 mL of sulfuric acid at 18.5 molar concentration. You want a dilute sample of 1 molar concentration. How much would you have to dilute your sample to?