1. Oxidative stress and apoptosis
Krishnaswamy Kannan, Sushil K Jain 
Pathophysiology 
Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages (September 2000)
DOI: /S (00)

2. Fig. 1
Schematic model of mammalian cell death pathway. Death signal may be delivered at the cell surface by direct ligand-receptor interaction. This followed by clustering of death receptors and activation of caspase-8. Alternatively, cytotoxic drugs, ionizing radiation may directly activate caspase-9, otherwise a later event. Mitochondria plays a central role in apoptosis by releasing apoptogenic factors and proteases into the cytosol. A major checkpoint in this pathway is the ratio between pro-apoptotic (Bax) to anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) members. Miitochondrial dysfunction includes PT, change in mitochondrial membrane potential, production of ROS, release of cytochrome C, AIPF-1 and caspases-2, -3, and -9 into the cytosol, where they form multimeric complexes. This activates downstream caspases and degradation of death substrates in the nucleus, which ultimately leads to cell death.
Pathophysiology 2000 7, DOI: ( /S (00) )