1. Dr. Ingetraut Dahlberg Her life and her work
H. Peter Ohly, International ISKO president , ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel Chair

2. Dr. Ingetraut Dahlberg Ϯ 24. Oct. 2017
1927, 20th February born as Ingetraut Gessler) in Cologne, Germany
studied Philosophy, Catholic Theology, English Studies and Physics
1962/63 Scientific Documentalist
1964/65 head of the DGD Library and Documentation Center, Frankfurt
at FID chair of Revision Committee UDC-03/04 (Common auxiliaries of materials and Common auxiliaries of relations, processes and operations)
1973 Doctor of Philosophy PhD (dissertation => Grundlagen universaler Wissensordnung, 1974)
1974 Founding Editor of journal International Classification IC (1993 => Knowledge Organization KO )
1977 Gesellschaft für Klassifikation (German Society for Classification)
1979 INDEKS publishing house (1997 => part of ERGON, 2017 => part of NOMOS)
1989 International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO)
2014 Book „Wissensorganisation: Entwicklung, Aufgabe, Anwendung, Zukunft“ (Knowledge Organization: Development, Task, Application, Future)
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Peter Ohly

3. ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
10 Desiderata for KO
Recognize concepts/knowledge units and analyze their essential. characteristics, in order to create KOS.
Identify the main scope of ordering systems.
a) Elaborate a teaching curriculum for the various KO activities, together with titles of qualification of different professionals. b) Establish an own Academy.
Nationally and internationally, a paid secretariat should be employed, to raise professionalism.
Elaborate an ordering system of all KO-relevant concepts to serve as a model for other knowledge fields.
Establish national KO institutes for the elaboration of KOSs, attached to research institutions.
KO experts should act on the public plane, e.g. as consultants, editors.
The General Secretariat should collaborate with all the experts in the national chapters.
Intensify the promotion of knowledge about KO through publications.
a) KO should become an independent autonomous discipline under the Science of Science. b) Classification systems should not be implemented as discipline-oriented. See: Information Coding Classification (ICC), based on general object areas.
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Peter Ohly

4. ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
ISKO-Panel in Porto 2018 1.
Cf. Desideratum
I. Knowledge units 1
II. KOSs types 2
III. The logic of ICC 10
IV. KO as Science of Science
5, 10
V. KO formation and environment
3-4, 6-9
Panelists: Axel Ermert, Michael Kleineberg
Marcia Zeng, Rosa San Segundo
Claudio Gnoli, Rick Szostak
Birger Hjørland, Joe Tennis
Richard Smiraglia, M. Inês Cordeiro
Jiří Pika
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Peter Ohly

5. I. Knowledge units /methods / linguistics
Panelist: Axel Ermert
A Item of reference (Referent)
Theory of the concept (the Concept Triangle)
C Verbal form (designation)
B Characteristics (necessary verifiable statements)
Many of I.D.‘s ideas are also reflected in the international standards‘ process, like ISO 704 or ISO Both, I.D. and ISO, refer to Eugen Wüster (first work published 1932).
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Panelist: Axel Ermert

6. Concepts … Concept: „unit of knowledge“ (= objective)
„A concept is a knowledge unit, comprising verifiable statements about a selected item of reference, represented in a verbal form.“
can be formed, and exist, independent of the relative term(s)
express ‚noematic knowledge‘ (rational, conscious)
express, and are based on, concept relationships
preferably expressed by definitions (always depending on the purpose)
e.g. real (‚conceptual‘) definitions (explaining/defining ‚the thing/concept‘):
(generic; partitive; opposition; functional), ie. referring to the conceptual substance of the item of reference
Aim: Creating a corpus of definitions [a concept system]. Create also such a corpus as a basis of Knowledge Organization (incl. the Classification terminology)
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Panelist: Axel Ermert

7. I. Knowledge units /methods / linguistics (co-statement)
Co-Panelist: Michael Kleineberg
I.D: the referent is largely observer- and language-independent but: linguistic turn plays a key role in the field of knowledge organization
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Co-Panelist: Michael Kleineberg

8. ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
II. KOSs types
1. Recognize concepts/knowledge units and analyze their essential characteristics, in order to create KOS -> Classification System for Knowledge Organization Literature originally compiled by Ingetraut Dahlberg, 1974
0 Form Divisions
1 Theoretical foundations and general problems
2 Classification Systems and Thesauri, Structure and Construction
3 Methodology of Classing and Indexing
4 On Universal Classification Systems and Thesauri
5 On Special Objects Classifications (taxonomies)
6 On Special Subjects Classifications and Thesauri
7 Knowledge Representation by Language and Terminology
8 Applied Classing and Indexing
9 Knowledge Organization Environment
Panelist: Marcia Zeng
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Panelist: Peter Ohly
Panelist: Marcia Zeng

9. ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
ICC
DDC
UDC CC
LCC BC
-> Dahlberg, Ingetraut Brief Communication: Why a New Universal Classification System is Needed. Knowledge Organization. 44(1): 65-71
a review of KOS development in modern history -> need for unification
Aims to establish compatibility between the major universal classification systems in use
Believing that classification systems should not be implemented as discipline-oriented.
Developing Information Coding Classification (ICC) [cited by Dahlberg ]
Realizing a new approach, based on general object areas, arranged according to the principle of evolution.
Towards a uniform, yet universal, ordered representation of human knowledge
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Panelist: Marcia Zeng

10. III. The logic of ICC Information Coding Classification
inspired by Alwin Diemer (1970) for ID's PhD
presented in Bangalore (1977) Dahlberg, Ingetraut: Ontical structures and universal classification. Bangalore : Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science, Sarada Ranganathan lectures 11
promoted by Dahlberg for all her life
applied by Ernesto W. DeLuca (2014) and by Gerard Coen in Utrecht
Panelist: Claudio Gnoli
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Panelist: Claudio Gnoli

11. ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
The structure of ICC is a mix of ontological and epistemological principles
nine ontological "areas" that form the main classes: 1- forms and structure, 2- matter and energy, 3- cosmos and Earth, 4- biosphere, 5- human, 6- societal, 7- economy and technology, 8- science and information, 9- culture. Based on this, Dahlberg claimed that ICC was able to go beyond the traditional disciplinary approach, as its main classes are not disciplines. further divided according to nine epistemological categories: -1 theories, -2 objects, -3 activities, -4 properties, -5 persons, -6 institutions, 7 -technology, -8 application, -9 distribution, and the resulting subclasses are labelled by names of research fields, like 25 "physical chemistry" or 82 "information science".
Thus ICC is still based on the perspective dimension rather than on the phenomenon dimension
To denote phenomena (I.D.: objects_ of knowledge) themselves I have proposed to introduce a category -0
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Panelist: Claudio Gnoli

12. ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
nine ontical
“levels of being”
[Hartmann]
non-disciplinary
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Panelist: Claudio Gnoli

13. ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
x nine
epistemic categories
...implicitly
disciplinary!
Recursive notation!
isko.org/cyclo/notation#4.4
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Panelist: Claudio Gnoli

14. ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
it better fits research in ontology
In the philosophical sense by such authors as Roberto Poli or Heinrich Herre
in the computer science sense with its need for formal definitions of concepts.
"turns" may follow a cyclical path in the long way, so that we may expect Dahlberg's idea to become relevant again in the future
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Panelist: Claudio Gnoli

15. The logic of ICC (co-statement)
I.D.:
knowledge organization is of central importance in the world
it is important that people be able to connect their understandings of different concepts.
Dahlberg certainly wanted a classification that was interdisciplinary in coverage and that allowed users to draw interdisciplinary connections. 
It is thus no coincidence that this organization is named "Knowledge Organization"
she grounded her practical program in a theoretical discussion of the logic of such a classification and the challenges in pursuing such a classification
I very much hope that ISKO will continue to ascertain the degree to which universal classification is possible, and pursue such a classification
Panelist: Rick Szostak
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Co-Panelist: Rick Szostak

16. IV. KO as Science of Science / KO encyclopedia
Panelist: Birger Hjørland
I.D.: Knowledge Organization: a science of science, independent science
– but: background in LIS.
– and: separate from information science: terminology studies (–> Eugen Wüster)
- now: received view (logical positivism, logical empiricism etc.) has been challenged by the social epistemological view
- domain-specific knowledge claims: often controversial
- hence: KO must be the study of scientific claims, done to produce the optimal classification system for a given purpose
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Panelist: Birger Hjørland

17. ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Further key aspects
Book series: Knowledge Organization in Subject Areas. (only one volume!)
KO as a field has been too isolated in relation to classification in different domains (philosophers has succeeded far better)
-> important, to establish an interdisciplinary network and platform
ISKO Encyclopedia of Knowledge Organization (IEKO)
a platform for
theoretical issues in classifications, indexing, big data etc.
for specific problems in each domain
researchers will see the advantage
having all different domains and voices in one place,
open
motivating to contribute
Takes up the visions of I.D.
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Panelist: Birger Hjørland

18. IV. KO encyclopedia / KO as Science of Science (co-statement)
SciSci:
uses large data sets to study the mechanisms underlying the doing of science
quantitative understanding of the interactions among scientific agents across diverse geographic and temporal scales
insights into the conditions underlying creativity and the genesis of scientific discovery, with the ultimate goal of developing tools and policies that have the potential to accelerate science.
fundamental challenge going forward is accounting for undeniable differences in culture, habits, and preferences between different fields and countries
-> further insights can be gained from domain-specific SciSci studies
The rise and fall of citations serves to measure the lifespan of a paper’s underlying ideas.
Co-Panelist: Joe Tennis
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Co-Panelist: Joe Tennis

19. V. KO formation and environment
I.D.: sought to turn the mostly rationalist/pragmatist act of classification
Base new classifications on the science of the order of knowledge
1. Concept theory is the basic theory of knowledge organization;
2. Concepts are expressions of perceptions of subjective realities; and,
3. Our science must be the science of identifying all concepts, no matter the circumstances.
ICC, Information Coding Classification
Panelist: Richard Smiraglia
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Panelist: Richard Smiraglia

20. ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
And, she left us the basics of theory, real theory:
“What is Knowledge Organization” (2014, 86)  
True understanding of concepts has been jeopardized hitherto by the ignorance of their very nature, viz. that they form the constituents of any knowledge organization that also leads to the formation of classes. The linguistic aspect hinders most colleagues from perceiving the indispensable analytical aspect of concept formation and concept apprehension ….
Take any object, concrete or abstract, and figure out its essential characteristics by formulating “is”-statements. The synthesis of all thus determined characteristics under a name or a code depicts the object’s content in an abbreviated form and leads to designate the respective object.
The definition of a concept is therefore the resumé of content-determinant characteristics.
“ICC, Information Coding Classification” (1982, 87)
We distinguish … in an ontical sense between general entities. and general aspects, determinations of being. The general entities can be displayed in the following three ontical area groups of I) structure and matter; II) living beings; and, III) products of man (artefacts). These can be subdivided each into three general entity areas ( or "categories of being") … It is easy to see that there is an evolutionary series … and also that there is a division according to man's faculties … that the entities of the levels presuppose each other or contain each other in a natural sequence. The last three levels … show the same evolutionary series with respect to the products of man and society applied on a matter-oriented, intellect-oriented and mental-spiritual oriented level. Thus one can also say that the levels presuppose each other, they are “integrative.”
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Panelist: Richard Smiraglia

21. ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
She did pretty well, brave lady that she was.
She began a journal that now competes with JDoc, JASIST, IP&M and CCQ.
She began a society of scholars who now meet regularly.
She began a society of scholars whose regional conferences constantly challenge the intension of the domain.
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Panelist: Richard Smiraglia

22. V. KO formation and environment (co-statement)
Panelist: Ines Cordeiro
By the end of her life Dahlberg left us with an ACTION PLAN
WHAT DOES IT MEAN ABOUT THE FIELD?
A call for more structured action to meet field needs:
2 Overviews of CS – Better knowledge of the field itself
3.1 KO curriculum - Improved education & training
3.2 ISKO academy - Expanded research
4. Establish and finance a specialist – Sustained development
5. Systematic order of all KO-relevant terms – Common structured language
6. National institutes of KO – Institutional channels
7. ISKO experts as "points of contact“ – Reinforced communication
8. Become members of the ISKO - Strengthen community
9. Publish the knowledge of its own area – Knowledge visibility and exchange
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Co-Panelist: Ines Cordeiro

23. Final Synopsis a unique and charismatic character Panelist: Jiri Pika
Pika takes a look at her personality
Ingetraut Dahlberg: extraordinarily enthusiastic, determined and successful
able to kindly share her ideas and exchange opinions
good-hearted, modest, hard-working, highly-estimated
her activities share common pattern: engagement and organization
being active in many societies
introducing and coining the term "knowledge organization“
founding journals
founding societies
publishing and teaching
receiving honorary awards
organizing conferences, with outstanding key speakers
establishing international and interdisciplinary contacts (former east-European countries)
worldwide scope of ISKO
ready to argue and to defend her views strongly
a unique and charismatic character
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Panelist: Jiri Pika

24. ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Ingetraut Dahlberg remains the first lady of classification and her work continues to stimulate the broad activities in this realm.
Her calm, kind and ensuring approach of respecting and encouraging ideas of her colleagues made her irreplaceable. This human touch certainly contributed to her greatest achievements.
ISKO 2018 Porto Dahlberg-Panel
Panelist: Jiri Pika