1. Anglo-Saxon
Poetic Devices

2. Anglo-Saxon Poetry
And the Geats’ Lord and leader, angry, lowered His sword and roared out a battle cry, A call so loud and clear that it reached through The hoaryº rock, hung in the dragon’s Ear. The beast rose, angry, Knowing a man had come—and then nothing But war could have followed. Its breath came first, A steaming cloud pouring from the stone, Then the earth itself shook. Beowulf Swung his shield into place, held it In front of him, facing the entrance. The dragon Coiled and uncoiled, its heart urging it Into battle.
from Beowulf, translated by Burton Raffel
From Beowulf, translated by Burton Raffel. Copyright © 1963 and renewed © 1991 by Burton Raffel. Reproduced by permission of Russell & Volkening, Inc.
ºhoary: ancient.

3. Poetic Devices
The following poetic devices are essential features of Anglo-Saxon poetry:
alliteration
versification w/ caesuras
kennings
compounding
formulas
variation
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4. What Is Alliteration?
Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds in words that are close to one another. Alliteration may occur
at the beginnings of words, as in “bright blue” or “kind comment”
within words, as in “jacket pocket”

5. Alliterative Anglo-Saxons
Instead of rhymes, Anglo-Saxon oral poets used alliteration along with carefully placed pauses to add music and rhythm to their poems. This is known as versification.
Lines of Anglo-Saxon verse often are divided into two halves separated by a rhythmic pause, or caesura.
Some lines have three alliterative words—two words in the first half before the caesura and one word in the second half.
Other lines have only two alliterative words—one in each half.

6. What Is a Kenning?
A kenning is a metaphorical phrase or compound word used to name a person, place, thing, or event indirectly.
Kennings such as whale-road and battle-dew fill Anglo-Saxon poetry.
Combining existing words from the relatively small Anglo-Saxon vocabulary helped poets to create alliteration.
Kennings were memorable, ready-made phrases that bards could reuse and pass on to others.

7. Kennings Then and Now Anglo-Saxon Kennings mead-hall ring-giver
heaven’s high arch
shapes of darkness
shepherd of evil
Modern-Day Kennings
gas guzzler
queen bee
headhunter
king of the hill
snake in the grass

8. The Use of Alliteration and Kennings
Anglo-Saxon literature was part of an oral tradition. Poems, songs, and stories were passed from one generation to another orally.
Anglo-Saxon poets and storytellers used alliteration and kennings because these devices
aided memory
created sound effects
pleased the audience

9. Compounding the combining of two words to make a new word
An example is feorhseoc, literally "life-sick" (feorh = life, seoc = sick), which can be translated as mortally wounded.
Compounding may be done to meet the needs of the alliterative meter, as part of a formula, or to make a new word.

10. Formulas
ready-made phrases which fulfill the metrical needs of a line or half-line
young in the courtyard
as a comfort to the people
Ecgpeow’s son

11. Variation
the restatement of a concept or term using different words The nobleman's son then passed the steep rocky cliffs, the narrow path, the narrow single-file path, an unknown way, precipitous headland, the homes of many water- monsters reminds the audience of important facts allows the poet to present an event, or image from multiple perspectives, each providing additional information or shedding new light on the events

12. What Have You Learned?
Identify each of the following lines as a use of alliteration or kenning.
1. That DJ is king of the airwaves.
2. The large sign loomed above the lonely highway.
3. All of the washing machines were taken, so we had to wait.
4. My brother calls his ’78 sedan a land yacht.
Kenning
Alliteration
Alliteration
Kenning

13. The End