1. Today-Objective: The War Ends

2. Objectives
Describe how World War I became a total war.
Explain the effect that years of warfare had on morale.
Analyze the causes and effects of American entry into the war.
Summarize events that led to the end of the war.
Understand the impact of the Paris Peace talks

3. total war – channeling all of a nation’s resources into a war effort
Terms and People
total war – channeling all of a nation’s resources into a war effort
conscription – “the draft,” which required all young men to be ready for military or other service
contraband – during wartime, military supplies and raw materials needed to make military supplies that may legally be confiscated by any belligerent
Lusitania – a British liner torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine in May 1915 3

4. Terms and People (continued)
propaganda – spreading ideas to promote or damage a cause
atrocity – a horrible act committed against innocent people
armistice – an agreement to end fighting
Fourteen Points – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s list of terms for resolving World War I and future wars
self-determination – the right of people to choose their own form of government 4

5. reparations – payments for war damage
Terms and People
pandemic – a disease spread across a large area, country, continent, or the entire world
reparations – payments for war damage
radicals – people who want to make extreme changes
collective security – a system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all
mandate – a territory administered by Western powers 5

6. How did the Allies win World War I?
When Russia exited the war, Germany gained ground against the Allies because the Germans were no longer fighting on two fronts.
Once the Americans joined on the side of the Allies, however, the Allies were able to reverse the German gains and then push the Germans back out of France and Belgium. The German generals told their government that they could not win. 6

7. Imposing universal military conscription
The nations involved in World War I needed to commit to a strategy of total war to support a modern mechanized war. Governments responded by
Imposing universal military conscription
Setting up systems to arm, transport, and supply armies
Raising taxes and borrowing money
Rationing food and other products
Setting prices and forbidding strikes 7

8. Both sides in the conflict waged a propaganda war.
They urged civilians to enlist or to loan money to the government.
They played up atrocities committed by the enemy.
They censored the press and the arts to keep bad war news from the public. 8

9. Total war meant that women had to take over the jobs of men who left to serve in the military.
War industries
Manufacturing
Nursing
Farming
Armed forces
Women worked in
Their work helped convince the United States, Germany, and Britain to give women the vote. 9

10. In 1917, as morale fell, soldiers from many countries began to mutiny or revolt, and civilians called for peace.
In Russia, protests set off a revolution that brought down the monarchy. Early in 1918, Russia’s new leader signed a treaty with Germany that withdrew Russia from the war.
Russia’s withdrawal meant that Germany needed to fight only on the Western Front. 10

11. A German U-boat torpedoed and sank the British passenger ship Lusitania in May 1915.
Almost 1,200 passengers were killed, including Americans.
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson threatened to cut off diplomatic relations with Germany.
Germany agreed to warn passenger ships, ending submarine warfare for the moment.

12. International law permitted wartime blockades to confiscate contraband, but not items such as food.
Britain’s navy blocked ships from carrying any goods to Germany, and many Germans went hungry.
In 1915, Germany said it would use U-boats to sink all ships carrying goods to Britain.

13. Ships sunk by U-boats, May 1917–Jan. 1918
Before Germany could strike a decisive blow, the United States joined the war.
Cultural ties between the United States and the Allies were strong.
Germany resumed U-boat attacks in early 1917.
In 1917, the Zimmerman note proved Germany was trying to rally Mexico against the United States.
Ships sunk by U-boats, May 1917–Jan. 1918 13

14. German Provocation Zimmermann Note
Germans promised to support Mexico if war broke out.
U-boats sink 4 unarmed American merchant ships.

15. In April 1917, President Wilson asked the United States Congress to declare war on Germany.
Still, the United States needed months to recruit, train, supply, and transport troops.
Before the Americans arrived, Germany made one last big push on the Western Front.
Germany pushed the Allies back 40 miles, but the offensive exhausted German troops.
By 1918, two million U.S. soldiers had joined the fighting on the Western Front and helped reverse any gains the Germans had achieved. 15

16. Americans in the Trenches

17. American involvement was a turning point for the Allies.
Although relatively few American troops fought, their arrival boosted Allied morale.
German generals told William II that the war could not be won. He fled to the Netherlands.
Austria-Hungary collapsed. Bulgaria and the Ottoman empire also asked for peace.
The new German government sought an armistice, and the Great War officially ended on November 11, 1918 17

18. The Armistice is Signed!
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!

19. Even before the war ended, Wilson had outlined a plan for a lasting peace.
Hoping to resolve World War I and all future wars, Wilson urged adoption of his Fourteen Points.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points included
Freedom of the seas
Free trade
Arms reductions
An end to secret treaties
Self-determination for Eastern Europe
An association of nations to keep the peace 19

20. World War I was devastating for all of the nations involved.
More than 8.5 million men died and more than 16 million were wounded fighting in the war.
Many of the wounded were disabled for life.
Six to thirteen million civilians also died.
Many others became refugees.
A World War I cemetery in Belgium

21. Buildings all over Europe had been bombed into rubble.
Countries faced huge war debts and the cost of reconstruction.
Refugees had to rebuild their lives.
The influenza pandemic of 1918 added to the devastation, killing 20 million people worldwide.

22. Colonial troops hoped for independence for their occupied countries.
The governments in Russia, Germany, Austria- Hungary, and the Ottoman empire had collapsed under the stresses of war.
Political radicals dreamed of instituting new social and political systems, including bolshevism (communism).
Colonial troops hoped for independence for their occupied countries.

23. British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, and U.S. President Woodrow Wilson met at the Paris Peace Conference after the war ended.
The victorious Allied leaders (along with Italy’s Vittorio Orlando) were known as the “Big Four.”
Lloyd George, Clemenceau, & Wilson
Often made decisions apart from Orlando
Essentially being the Big Three

24. The Paris Peace Talks
The Big Four met with the leaders of the other Allied countries to discuss the fate of Europe, the former Ottoman empire, and various colonies.
The Central Powers and Russia were not allowed to take part in the negotiations at the conference.

25. Goals of the Allies at the Paris Peace Conference
Woodrow Wilson
“Peace without victory” based on the Fourteen Points
David Lloyd George
Money to rebuild and improve Britain
Georges Clemenceau
A weakened Germany
Vittorio Orlando
Lands promised to Italy in secret treaties
People of Eastern European empires
National states of their own

26. The German delegates were horrified because the Allies:
In June 1919, the Allies forced Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles.
The German delegates were horrified because the Allies:
Forced Germany to accept full blame for the war
Imposed reparations of $30 billion on Germany
Severely limited the size of the German military
Took land and overseas colonies from Germany

27. The Allies drew up separate treaties with the other Central Powers and redrew the map of Europe.
The Allies applied the principle of self- determination to former German, Russian, and Austrian lands in Eastern Europe.
New nations were created, including Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, and Yugoslavia.
self-determination –
the right of people to
choose their own form
of government

28. 1914
1920 28

29. The treaties did not apply self-determination to European colonies in Asia and Africa.
Instead, former German and Ottoman lands became mandates administered by Western powers.
In theory, the mandates were to be held until they were ready to stand alone.
In practice, they were treated as colonies.

30. Territorial changes in Southwest Asia after the Great War

31. Many of President Wilson’s Fourteen Points were not implemented in the treaties.
Germany, the other Central Powers, and other countries and colonies were angered by their treatment.
German resentment of the Treaty of Versailles would later spark World War II.

32. The United States never joined the League of Nations.
Wilson did succeed in establishing the League of Nations, a group of more than 40 countries formed to negotiate disputes in an effort to avoid future wars.
The United States never joined the League of Nations.
Although it promised collective security, the League proved ineffective in preventing future wars.
Because of opposition to the League, the United States Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
collective security – a system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all

33. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
The League of Nations
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
The United States Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, making it invalid in the United States.
The largest obstacle faced in the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles was the opposition of Henry Cabot Lodge who argued that participation in the League would drag the United States into future European wars.
In refusing to join, the United States weakened the League of Nations before it had even begun.

34. League of Nations Members

35. Results of the Treaty of Versailles
Germany was horrified and furious over the terms of the treaty.
Italy had hoped to gain more land than it had received. The agreements that were made with Allies upon Italy joining them were left unfulfilled.
Japan was angry because the Allies did not recognize its claims in China.
China was angry that Japan had been given control of former German possessions in China.
Russia was angry over the reestablishment of Poland and the creation of independent Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Lithuania on lands that had been part of the Russian Empire.

36. World War I Casualties