1. Software Design
Lecture : 38

2. Proxy Design Pattern OR Surrogate Design Pattern

3. Sample Code fragment
//Client class Customer{ public void someMethod(){ //Create the Service Provider Instance FileUtil futilObj=new FileUtil(); //Access the Service futilObj.writeToFile(“Some Data”); }}

4. Implementation of Code
As part of its implementation, the Customer class creates an instance of the FileUtil class and directly accesses its services.
In other words, for a client object, the way of accessing a FileUtil object is fairly straightforward. From the implementation it seems to be the most commonly used way for a client object to access a service provider object

5. Issues in Accessing Object Services
In contrast, sometimes a client object may not be able to access a service provider object (also referred to as a target object) by normal means may be due to:
The location of the target object – Remote Object
Uninstantiated Object till it is required to be rendered.
Special Behavior: Client object need special permission for access

6. Solution and Motivation for Proxy
In such cases, instead of having client objects to deal with the special requirements for accessing the target object, the Proxy pattern suggests using a separate object referred to as a proxy to provide a means for different client objects to access the target object in a normal, straightforward manner.

7. Intend of Proxy Design Pattern
The intent of this pattern is to provide a placeholder for an object to control references to it.

8. Proxy Pattern Defined
“ Proxy design pattern provides a surrogate or placeholder for another object to control access to it “

9. Working of Proxy Design Pattern
The Proxy object offers the same interface as the target object.
The Proxy object interacts with the target object on behalf of a client object and takes care of the specific details of communicating with the target object.

10. Proxy Design Pattern
Client objects are no longer needed to deal with the special requirements for accessing the services of the target object.

11. Working of Proxy Design Pattern
A client can call the Proxy object through its interface and the Proxy object in turn forwards those calls to the target object.
Client objects need not even know that they are dealing with Proxy for the original object.

12. Proxy Design Pattern
The Proxy object hides the fact that a client object is dealing with an object that is either remote, unknown whether instantiated or not, or needs special authentication.
In other words, a Proxy object serves as a transparent
bridge between the client and an inaccessible remote object or an object whose instantiation may have been deferred

13. Type of Proxies
Virtual Proxies: delaying the creation and initialization of expensive objects until needed, where the objects are created on demand (For example creating the RealSubject object only when the doSomething method is invoked).
Remote Proxies: providing a local representation for an object that is in a different address space. A common example is Java RMI stub objects. The stub object acts as a proxy where invoking methods on the stub would cause the stub to communicate and invoke methods on a remote object (called skeleton) found on a different machine

14. Protection Proxies: where a proxy controls access to RealSubject methods, by giving access to some objects while denying access to others.
Smart References: providing a sophisticated access to certain objects such as tracking the number of references to an object and denying access if a certain number is reached, as well as loading an object from database into memory on demand.

15. Class Diagram

17. Flow of Application
A client obtains a reference to a Proxy, the client then handles the proxy in the same way it handles RealSubject and thus invoking the method doSomething().
At that point the proxy can do different things prior to invoking RealSubjects doSomething() method. The client might create a RealSubject object at that point, perform initialization, check permissions of the client to invoke the method, and then invoke the method on the object. The client can also do additional tasks after invoking the doSomething() method, such as incrementing the number of references to the object.

18. Remote Method Invocation -RMI
Remote Interface — A remote object must implement a remote interface (one that extends java.rmi.Remote). A remote interface declares the methods in the remote object that can be accessed by its clients. In other words, the remote interface can be seen as the client’s view of the remote object

19. Remote Object — A remote object is responsible for implementing the methods declared in the associated remote interface.
RMI Registry — RMI registry provides the storage area for holding different remote objects. It is directory of remote objects with reference name which client can access
Client — Client is an application object attempting to use the remote object.
– Can search for a remote object using a name reference in the RMI
Registry. Once the remote object reference is found, it can invoke methods on this object reference.

20. RMIC Java RMI Stub Compiler :
Once a remote object is compiled successfully, RMIC, the Java RMI stub compiler can be used to generate stub and skeleton class files for the remote object. Stub and skeleton classes are generated from the compiled remote object class. These stub and skeleton classes make it possible for a client object to access the remote
object in a seamless manner.

21. Communication Mechanism
In general, a client object cannot directly access a remote object by normal means.
In order to make it possible for a client object to access the services of a remote object as if it is a local object, the RMIC-generated stub of the remote object class and the remote interface need to be copied to the client computer.

22. iii. The stub acts as a (Remote) proxy for the remote object and is responsible for forwarding method invocations on the remote object to the server where the actual remote object implementation resides. Whenever a client references the remote object, the reference is, in fact, made to a local stub. That means, when
a client makes a method call on the remote object, it is first received by the local stub instance. The stub forwards this call to the remote server. On the server the RMIC generated skeleton of the remote object receives this call. As shown in diagram next

24. Example of Proxy Design Pattern
Consider an image viewer program that lists and displays high resolution photos. The program has to show a list of all photos however it does not need to display the actual photo until the user selects an image item from a list.

25. Class Diagram

27. Java Code

28. package proxy; /. Subject Interface
package proxy; /** * Subject Interface */ public interface Image { public void showImage(); }

29. package proxy; /** * Proxy */ public class ImageProxy implements Image { private String imageFilePath; /** * Reference to RealSubject */ private Image proxifiedImage; public ImageProxy(String imageFilePath) this.imageFilePath= imageFilePath; }

30. public void showImage() {
// create the Image Object only when the image is required to be shown
proxifiedImage = new HighResolutionImage(imageFilePath);
// now call showImage on realSubject
proxifiedImage.showImage();
} }

31. package proxy; /. RealSubject
package proxy; /** * RealSubject */ public class HighResolutionImage implements Image { public HighResolutionImage(String imageFilePath) loadImage(imageFilePath); } private void loadImage(String imageFilePath) { // load Image from disk into memory // this is heavy and costly public void showImage() { // Actual Image rendering logic } }

32. public class ImageViewer { public static void main(String[] args) {
package proxy;
public class ImageViewer
{ public static void main(String[] args) {
Image highResolutionImage1 = new ImageProxy("sample/veryHighResPhoto1.jpeg");
Image highResolutionImage2 = new ImageProxy("sample/veryHighResPhoto2.jpeg");
Image highResolutionImage3 = new ImageProxy("sample/veryHighResPhoto3.jpeg");
// assume that the user clicks on Image one item in a list // this would cause the program to call showImage() for that image only // note that in this case only image one was loaded into memory
highResolutionImage1.showImage();

33. // consider using the high resolution image object directly
Image highResolutionImageNoProxy1 = new HighResolutionImage("veryHighResPhoto1.jpeg");
Image highResolutionImageNoProxy2 = new HighResolutionImage("veryHighResPhoto2.jpeg");
Image highResolutionImageBoProxy3 = new HighResolutionImage("veryHighResPhoto3.jpeg");
// assume that the user selects image two item from images list
highResolutionImageNoProxy2.showImage();
// note that in this case all images have been loaded into memory // and not all have been actually displayed // this is a waste of memory resources } }

34. Comparison of Proxy with other Facade
A Proxy object represents a single object.
The client object cannot access the target object directly.
A Proxy object provides access control to the single target object.

35. Facade A Façade object represents a subsystem of objects.
The client object does have the ability to access the subsystem objects directly, if needed.
A Façade object provides a simplified higher level interface to a subsystem of components.