1. 5.1 Evidence for evolution
Understanding:
Evolution occurs when heritable characteristics of a species change
The fossil record provides evidence for evolution
Selective breeding of domesticated animals shows that artificial selection can cause evolution
Evolution of homologous structures by adaptive radiation explains similarities in structure when there are differences in function
Populations of a species can gradually diverge into separate species by evolution
Continuous variation across the geographical range of related populations matches the concept of gradual divergence.
Applications
Comparison of the pentadactyl limb of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles with different methods of locomotion
Development of melanistic insects in polluted areas
Nature of science:
Looking for patterns, trends and discrepancies: there are common features in the bone structure of vertebrate limbs despite their varied use

2. Match up the key words
Variation Genes Adaptations Competition Survive Reproduce
Sections of DNA that code for certain characteristics
Characteristics animals have that make them better suited to their environment
Members of the same species have different characteristics
The ability to remain alive
The ability to produce offspring
Animals and plants try to get more food, space, light, mates or water to survive

3. Match up the key words
Variation Genes Adaptations Competition Survive Reproduce
Sections of DNA that code for certain characteristics
Characteristics animals have that make them better suited to their environment
Members of the same species have different characteristics
The ability to remain alive
The ability to produce offspring
Animals and plants try to get more food, space, light, mates or water to survive

4. Evolution Changes in species over time
Characteristics passed down through generations
Evolution only concerns HERITABLE characteristics
Things like tattoos don’t count!
Understanding:
Evolution occurs when heritable characteristics of a species change

5. Evidence Many oppositions to the theory of evolution
Must take into account all evidence
Understanding:
The fossil record provides evidence for evolution

7. Evidence for Evolution
Fossils
Evidence for Evolution
Homologous Structures
Selective Breeding
Vestigial Organs
Pentadactyl Limbs

8. Evidence: Fossils Use fossil record as evidence for evolution
Geological eras named using rock layers
Older at bottom, younger at the top
Understanding:
The fossil record provides evidence for evolution

9. Evidence: Fossils Fossil records show strong evidence for evolution
Inside the rock layers there were different fossils
Fossil records show strong evidence for evolution
Understanding:
The fossil record provides evidence for evolution

10. Fits in with ecology – plants evolved first which provide for animals
Evidence: Fossils
Fossils follow the sequence they would be expected to evolve (becoming more complex)
Fits in with ecology – plants evolved first which provide for animals
Understanding:
The fossil record provides evidence for evolution

11. Evidence: Selective Breeding
Huge differences between domestic animals and the wild species they descended from:
Change after repeatedly selecting the same characteristic over and over
Understanding:
Selective breeding of domesticated animals shows that artificial selection can cause evolution

12. Think how each of these animals have been selectively bred

13. What do they have in common?

14. Evidence: Homologous structures
Pentadactyl Limbs
Crocodile
Penguin
Echidna
Frogs
How are their forelimbs similar?
How did they move?
Nature of science:
Looking for patterns, trends and discrepancies: there are common features in the bone structure of vertebrate limbs despite their varied use
Applications
Comparison of the pentadactyl limb of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles with different methods of locomotion

15. Evidence: Homologous structure
Used in many different ways
Joints moves in different ways
Common bone structures in all vertebrate limbs
Possible explanation: common ancestor
Difficult to explain without evolution
Understanding:
Evolution of homologous structures by adaptive radiation explains similarities in structure when there are differences in function

16. Analogous Structures Example: tails may look very similar
Different structures or functions
Convergent evolution – different structure performs a similar function
Understanding:
Evolution of homologous structures by adaptive radiation explains similarities in structure when there are differences in function

17. Evidence: Vestigial Organs
Structures that no longer have a function and are gradually lost
Human appendix
Small pelvis bone in whales
Understanding:
Evolution of homologous structures by adaptive radiation explains similarities in structure when there are differences in function

18. Galapagos Islands
Lava Lizards One species present on all large main islands Each smaller island there are closely related but different species Formed by migration and speciation
Understanding:
Populations of a species can gradually diverge into separate species by evolution

19. Speciation over time
Not a sudden change (happens over time) Problem for scientists classifying species More on variation later!
Red Grouse: sometimes classified as separate species, sometimes same species
Understanding:
Continuous variation across the geographical range of related populations matches the concept of gradual divergence

20. With a focus on peppered moth describe industrial melanism
What is melanism?
Find out what it is!
With a focus on peppered moth describe industrial melanism
Applications
Development of melanistic insects in polluted areas