1. Solutions
Details

2. Making a solution Solvent, solute, and something to contain both.
Factors that affect solvation
Agitation
Temperature of solvent/solution
Surface area of solute

3. Degrees of saturation
Saturated: holds maximum amount of solute in given solvent at constant temperature and pressure
Solubility: the amt. of solute that dissolves in a given solvent at a specified temperature and pressure to give a saturated solution
Frequently given as grams/liter

4. More on saturation
If a solution contains less than the saturation amount of solute, it is called unsaturated
If you have a saturated solution, and cool if slowly, you can produce a supersaturated solution, which hold more solute than it “should” be able to. Crystallization will occur if a suitable seed is provided.

5. Liquid Solutions
Two liquids are miscible if they dissolve in each other in all proportions
The liquid in higher amount is considered the solvent
Liquids that are insoluble in each other are immiscible

6. Solubility Factors Temperature: as temperature increases:
most solids are more soluble
Most gases are less soluble
Pressure: only affects gases:
Henry’s law: S1/P1 = S2/P2
As the pressure above the liquid increases, the solubility of the gas increases.

7. Concentration: molarity
Molarity (M) = mol solute/lit solution
Dilutions: (molarity)(volume) = mol

8. Other calculations of concentration
Molality
m= moles solute/kg solvent

9. Concentration: Percent solutions
% volume:
vol.solute/vol. soln.·100%
% mass:
Mass solute/mass soln.·100%

10. Colligative Properties of Solutions
Vapor-pressure reduction
This occurs because the solute causes there to be different intermolecular attractions than would exist in pure solvent…ionic compounds, which dissociate, have a greater effect than non-dissociating solutes, such as sugar.
The decrease in vapor pressure is proportional to the amt. of solute present in the solution

11. Colligative Properties of Solutions
Freezing-point depression
The amount of lowering of a freezing point due to the same disruption and/or attractions of a solute in a solvent
Again, proportional to amount
Think about the salting of roads and sidewalks!

12. Colligative Properties of Solutions
Boiling point elevation
Since the addition of a nonvolatile solute lowers the vapor pressure, this means that it takes more energy for the solution to reach the boiling point
Again, the magnitude of the elevation is proportional to the amt. of solute dissolved in the solution