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Let’s Review – orbitals defined by their shape / orientation

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Presentation on theme: "Let’s Review – orbitals defined by their shape / orientation"— Presentation transcript:

1 Let’s Review – orbitals defined by their shape / orientation
S orbitals

2 P orbitals

3 P Orbitals

4 D orbitals

5 F orbitals

6 F orbitals

7 Quantum numbers Magnetic quantum number (m l)
integer values between - l and + l tells direction in each shape. Electron spin quantum number (m s) Can have 2 values. either +1/2 or -1/2

8 Periodic Patterns: “ Quantum Hotel”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 d (n-1) f (n-2) 6 7 © 1998 by Harcourt Brace & Company

9 General Rules Pauli Exclusion Principle
Each orbital can hold TWO electrons with opposite spins.

10 General Rules Aufbau Principle
Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first. “Lazy Tenant Rule”

11 General Rules Hund’s Rule
Within a sublevel, place one e- per orbital before pairing them. “Empty Bus Seat Rule” WRONG RIGHT

12 1s2 2s2 2p4 O B. Notation Electron Configuration Orbital Diagram 1s 2s

13 S 16e- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 S 16e- [Ne] 3s2 3p4 B. Notation
Longhand Configuration S 16e- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 Core Electrons Valence Electrons Shorthand Configuration S 16e- [Ne] 3s2 3p4

14 1s1 C. Periodic Patterns 1st column of s-block 1st Period s-block
Example - Hydrogen 1s1 1st column of s-block 1st Period s-block

15 Nobel Gas Notation Example - Germanium [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p2

16 Stability Full sublevel (s, p, d, f) Half-full sublevel
Full energy level Full sublevel (s, p, d, f) Half-full sublevel

17 Stability Copper Copper gains stability with a full d-sublevel.
Electron Configuration Exceptions Copper EXPECT: [Ar] 4s2 3d9 ACTUALLY: [Ar] 4s1 3d10 Copper gains stability with a full d-sublevel.

18 Stability Electron Configuration Exceptions Chromium EXPECT: [Ar] 4s2 3d4 ACTUALLY: [Ar] 4s1 3d5 Chromium gains stability with a half-full d-sublevel.

19 Stability 1+ 2+ 3+ NA 3- 2- 1- Ion Formation
Atoms gain or lose electrons to become more stable. Isoelectronic with the Noble Gases. 1+ 2+ 3+ NA 3- 2- 1-

20 Which is it? Is energy a wave like light, or a particle?
BOTH! Light behaves as a wave under certain conditions, and as a stream of particles under others.  Concept is called the Wave -Particle duality. What about the other way, is matter a wave? Yes

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