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Atmospheric Basics Section 11.1
Essential Questions: What are characteristics of the atmosphere? How are atmospheric properties measured? How do clouds and precipitation form? Objectives: Define Earth’s spheres Identify characteristics of each layer of the atmosphere
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Spheres of Earth Biosphere All connected and powered by the Sun
Atmosphere “Air” Biosphere Asthenosphere Hydrosphere “Inside” “Life” “Water” All connected and powered by the Sun Lithosphere “Rock”
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Layers of the Atmosphere: Foldable
Page 284 For each layer: Characteristics Temperature/altitude relationship (Fig 11.4) “As altitude increases, temperature ________” “-Pauses” aka barriers (if any) Items found there (Fig 11.4 & 11.5)
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Closure Felix Baumgartner jumped from ~24 mi
What layer did he jump from? What layer did he land in? Did he jump from the “edge of space”?
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Atmospheric Layers Exosphere Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere
Objectives: Review layers 2. Describe atmospheric composition 3. Summarize energy flow in the atmosphere Exosphere Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere (Earth)
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Troposphere Closest to Earth’s surface
Contains most of mass of atmosphere Weather occurs here Air temperature decreases as altitude increases Tropopause – altitude at which temperature stops decreasing Items found here:
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Stratosphere Above tropopause Air temperature increases with altitude
Contains ozone layer Heating above ozone layer caused by ozone molecules absorbing UV radiation from Sun Stratopause – altitude where temperature stops increasing Items found here:
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Mesosphere Above stratopause Air temperature decreases with altitude
Occurs because very little solar radiation is absorbed by this layer Mesopause – top of mesosphere, where temperature stops decreasing with altitude Items found here:
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Thermosphere Ionosphere: Made of electrically charged particles
Extremely low density of air causes temperature to rise Ionosphere: Made of electrically charged particles Items found here:
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Exosphere Outermost layer No clear boundary at top
Transitional region between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space Number of atoms and molecules in exosphere becomes very small as altitude increases Items found here:
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Atmospheric Layers Review
Please have your notebooks out and closed on your desk. Exosphere Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere Earth
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Atmospheric Composition
Atmosphere – layer of gases that surrounds the Earth 99% of atmosphere made of nitrogen and oxygen 1% made of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases
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Ozone Ozone (O3) absorbs solar UV radiation
Protects living things Ozone varies with the seasons at higher latitudes Minimum in spring Decrease due to reacting with CFCs (cholorfluorocarbons) which break it down
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Atmospheric Particles
Carried by the wind in atmosphere Dust and soil Salt particles from ocean spray Airborne microorganisms (fungi/bacteria) attached to microscopic dust
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Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
Heat = transfer of thermal energy from an area of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature 3 ways thermal energy is transferred in the atmosphere: Radiation Conduction Convection
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Radiation Definition: transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic waves Light from sun heats some portions of Earth surface at all times Solar energy that reaches Earth can be absorbed and reflected by Earth’s atmosphere and Earth’s surface
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Absorption and Reflection
Almost all visible light pass through the atmosphere and strikes Earth’s surface Most visible light is absorbed by Earth’s surface Surface reflects infrared waves The atmosphere absorbs some infrared waves and reflects infrared waves of different wavelengths 30% of solar radiation is reflected into space by Earth’s surface, atmosphere or clouds 20% is absorbed by atmosphere and clouds 50% is absorbed directly or indirectly by Earth’s surface and keeps Earth’s surface warm
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Conduction Definition: Transfer of thermal energy between objects when their atoms or molecules collide Easier in solids and liquids (atoms are closer) Air is mixture of gases, so it is a poor conductor of thermal energy In atmosphere, conduction occurs between Earth’s surface and lowest part of atmosphere
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Convection Definition: Transfer of thermal energy by movement of heated material from one place to another Occurs mainly in liquids and gases
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Convection As it rises, air cools and density increases
Air becomes more dense then atmosphere and it sinks Air near the surface is heated; becomes less dense and rises As air sinks, it warms again; Repeat
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https://www. wisc-online
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Closure Give an example of each happening in everyday life: Radiation
Conduction Convection
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