1. Forms of Energy and Energy Transformations

2. Energy Basics Energy is the ability to do work
All forms of energy can be in either of two states:
Potential (PE) and Kinetic (KE)
When PE KE
Potential – stored
Dependent on mass and position
Larger mass = greater PE
Higher up = greater PE
Kinetic – moving
Dependent on mass and velocity
Larger mass = greater KE
Greater velocity = greater KE

3. Atomic / Nuclear Energy https://www. brainpop
Potential energy in an atom
Can be split apart (fission)
Can be put or fused together (fusion)
Mainly used for generating electricity but also used in medicine (diagnosis and treatment) and industry and radiometric dating
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4. Chemical Energy
Potential energy that is stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules; when the bonds are broken the energy is released
Sources include:
Burning / Combustion
Food
Fuels/gasoline
Batteries
Photosynthesis

5. Heat (Thermal) Kinetic energy of particles Transferred 3 ways
More particles = greater heat
Faster moving = greater heat
Transferred 3 ways
Conduction
Touching
Aluminum bar heats up and transfers energy to the cold water
Convection
Currents in fluids
Hot water rises, cools then sinks where it is heated again
Radiation
Through space
Energy from the Sun reaches Earth through radiation

6. Mechanical (motion and machines)
Kinetic energy in a moving object that is doing work
Simple machines are used to
provide extra force to move an
object (make the work easier)

7. Mechanical Math Speed = distance / time
Some “motion” formulas to consider:
Speed = distance / time
Velocity = speed in a certain direction
Acceleration = ∆Velocity / time
Some “machine” formulas to consider:
Work = force x distance
Power = Work / time
MA = output / input
ME = output * 100% / input

8. Newton's Three Laws of Motion
First:
 An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an outside force.
Second
The force an object exerts is equal to its mass times its acceleration.
Third
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

9. An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an outside force.
The object sits there 'til something moves it and moves 'til something stops it
Law of inertia
Inertia is the ability of an object to resist  change

10. FORCES can... Make objects move (speed up/slow down) Make objects stop
Make objects change direction
Forces include:
Gravity
Magnetic
Electrical
Resistance ~ FRICTION 
Tension (string, rope, cable) climbing a mountain
Spring
Normal (1 is stable) pushing on a wall

11. Friction OPPOSES motion
Rolling
Object rolls over surface, wheels
Sliding
Two surfaces slide past each other, sliding into home plate
Fluid 
Air resistance or moving though a liquid, swimming, throwing a ball

12. An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an outside force.
Why we wear seatbelts in a car and why airbags deploy

13. An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an outside force.
everyday examples:
A hockey puck sliding on ice until it hits the boards or a hockey stick
A soccer ball sitting on the ground until a player kicks it
Zion Williamson's foot going
through his sneaker when his
sneaker stopped moving...ouch

14. The force an object exerts is equal to its mass times its acceleration.
It is easier to push (force) an empty grocery cart than a larger  cart because the empty cart has less mass

15. Second Law Calculations:
The diagram represents a cart with a mass of 10 kilograms (kg) being pulled to the right with a force of 20 newtons (N). 
Using the equation above, calculate the acceleration of the cart in meters per second squared (m/s2). [1]  ______________ m/s2 

16. A wagon with a mass of 50. 0 kg accelerates 8
A wagon with a mass of 50.0 kg accelerates 8.0 m/s2 when the parent pulls it. What is the amount of the force required? 
A force? 
How much force would the parent need to use to pull the wagon with kg, while keeping acceleration at 8.0 m/s2?

17. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

18. Equal and Opposite

19. Electricity and Magnetism
Flow of electrons
Static or current
Static
Lightning
Rubbing foot on rug
Balloon on head/wall
Current
Two kinds:
Series – 1 path
Parallel – more than 1 path
Need: resistor (bulb), wire, battery
Also can use: switches
Closed = on
Open = off
Magnetism
2 poles (North and South)
Poles are strongest
Even if cut in pieces each piece would have N and S poles
Opposites attract and likes repel

20. Light Radiant energy moving in transverse waves and packets (photons)
Visible light makes up
part of the
electromagnetic spectrum