1. 1.4 – Changes in Cell Division
Mutations & Cancers

2. Learning Goal
To learn more about the effects of changes in cell division as it relates to Cloning and Cancer

3. Cloning Can be another solution for getting new cells or organs
Defined – as the process of creating identically genetic copies of an organism
Has been used for centuries by gardeners who took parts of a plant, planted these parts, and regrew the same exact plant that are “copies” of the parent plant

4. Cloning

5. Steps for Cloning Step 1:
Scientist remove the cell’s nucleus of an egg from a female sheep
Step 2:
A cell is removed from an adult sheep
This adult cell and the egg cell are put next to each other in a chemical solution
Step 3:
Electricity is added to help FUSE these two cells together
Step 4:
The now Fused cell starts to DIVIDE forming an EMBRYO
Step 5:
The embryo is placed inside the uterus of a surrogate mother
The embryo develops into a fetus that is a clone of the adult cell

6. Steps for Cloning

7. Other Changes to DNA
Aside from cloning, other changes to genetic material may not be so favourable
Things like cancers and mutations may arise because “something is missing” or “something was put in the wrong place” or simply communication was not done properly

8. CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer
2.7
CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer
When cells grow and divide out of control, they cause a group of diseases called cancer
The result is a change in the DNA that controls the cell cycle. This change prevents the cell from staying in interphase for the normal period of time.
When the normal checkpoints fail, the cell and its daughter cells will divide uncontrollably.

9. CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer
TUMOURS
Uncontrolled growth may create a rapidly growing mass of cells that form a lump, or tumour
Tumours may be benign or malignant
Benign tumors result for excess growth, but don’t take over other cells and spread throughout the body
Malignant tumors are bad and CANCEROUS - they take over healthy cells and spread throughout the body

10. CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer

11. affect genetic information
What is a Mutation?
It’ not this ……
Or this ……
But CHANGES in DNA that
affect genetic information

12. CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer
MUTATIONS
When cells divide, their DNA is almost always duplicated error-free.
The genetic information in their daughter cells is identical to the parent cell.
Sometimes random changes occur in the cell’s DNA
These changes are called mutations

13. Mutations
When the information in our DNA changes, and the letters get “out of order” or “miss something” then a mutation can occur
These changes to genetic info can be inherited
Which can cause Negative effects (diseases like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, or cancer)
Positive effects (through natural selection evolved larger brains)
Or no effects at all – such as Silent mutations

14. CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer
CARCINOGENS
Some mutations are caused by carcinogens
Carcinogens are environmental factors that cause cancer.
Examples include tobacco smoke, radiation, some viruses, certain chemicals, and many organic solvents.

15. CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer
Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer in Canadians over 40 years of age.
Health Canada reports that 9 out of 10 lung cancer cases are caused by smoking.
Some cancers are at least partly hereditary.
These include some breast cancers and colon cancers.

16. CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer
Super foods, seen above, can help your body protect itself from cancers
CANCER SCREENING
Factors affecting a person’s risk of getting cancer include
personal and family medical history
exposure to carcinogens in the environment
lifestyle choices, such as eating more “super foods”

17. CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer
Cancer screening means checking for cancer even when no symptoms are present. Screening can be performed:
at home, as part of a routine self-examination
by a doctor, such as a blood test
as genetic testing, when there is a family history of cancer
While screening does not prevent cancer, it does increase the likelihood of early detection and successful treatment.

18. CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer
CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
The earlier a cancer is diagnosed, the better the chances of successful treatment.
Some diagnostic imaging techniques include endoscopy, X-ray, ultrasound, CT scanning, and MRI.
Once an abnormality has been identified, a sample of the cells is removed and examined under a microscope.
This is called a biopsy.
This is the only way to positively confirm a diagnosis of cancer.

19. CELL DIVISION GOING WRONG: Cancer
The purpose of cancer treatment is to slow down the growth of tumours or destroy as many cancer cells as possible.
Currently, there are three main methods of treatment:
surgery
chemotherapy
radiation therapy

20. Cancer: Charlie Brown