1. Incomplete Dominance Codominance Multiple Alleles
In a nutshell!

2. Review: Dominant/Recessive
One allele is dominant over the other (capable of masking the recessive allele)
PP = purple
Pp = purple
pp = white

3. Review Problem: Dominant/Recessive
In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant over white flowers (p) show the cross between two heterozygous plants.
P p
GENOTYPES:
- PP (1); Pp (2); pp (1)
- ratio 1:2:1 P p PP Pp
PHENOTYPES: Pp pp
- purple (3); white (1)
- ratio 3:1

4. Incomplete Dominance
Alleles are not completely dominant over each other. Each allele is partially expressed
A third (new) phenotype appears in the heterozygous condition.
Flower Color in 4 O’clocks
RR = red
rr = white
Rr = pink

5. Problem: Incomplete Dominance
Show the cross between a pink and a white flower.
GENOTYPES:
R r
- Rr (2); rr (2)
- ratio 1:1 r rr Rr
PHENOTYPES:
- pink (2); white (2)
- ratio 1:1

6. Example of Incomplete Dominance

7. Codominance
The heterozygous condition, both alleles are expressed equally
If a red rose and a white rose were crossed the flower would be both red and white.

8. Example of Codominance

9. Codominance In Humans SS = sickle cells NS = some of each
Sickle Cell Anemia in Humans is an example of Codominance in Humans
If a homozygous normal celled human is crossed with a homozygous sickle cell human, both types of cells will be produced.
SS = sickle cells
NS = some of each
NN = normal cells
sick

10. Problem: Codominance
Show the cross between an individual with sickle-cell anemia and another who is a carrier but not sick.
N S
GENOTYPES:
- NS (2) SS (2)
- ratio 1:1 S NS SS
PHENOTYPES:
- carrier (2); sick (2)
- ratio 1:1

11. Multiple Alleles There are more than two alleles for a trait
Blood type in humans
Blood Types?
Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O
Blood Alleles?
A, B, O (Sometimes shown as– IA, IB, I)

12. Rules for Blood Type A and B are codominant
AA = Type A
BB = Type B
AB = Type AB
A and B are dominant over O
AO = type A
BO = type B
OO = type O

13. Problem: Multiple Alleles
Show the cross between a mother who has type O blood and a father who has type AB blood.
O O
GENOTYPES:
- AO (2) BO (2)
- ratio 1:1 A B AO BO
PHENOTYPES:
- type A (2); type B (2)
- ratio 1:1

14. Problem: Multiple Alleles
Show the cross between a mother who is heterozygous for type B blood and a father who is heterozygous for type A blood.
GENOTYPES:
A O
AB (1); BO (1);
AO (1); OO (1)
- ratio 1:1:1:1 B O AB OO BO AO
PHENOTYPES:
type AB (1); type B (1)
type A (1); type O (1)
- ratio 1:1:1:1

15. How common is your blood type?
46.1%
38.8%
11.1%
3.9%