1. Cellular Transport

2. TEM picture of a real cell membrane.
About Cell Membranes
All cells have a cell membrane
Functions:
Controls what enters and exits the cell (cell transport) to maintain an internal balance called homeostasis
Provides protection and support for the cell
TEM picture of a real cell membrane.

3. Cell Transport
Homeostasis (maintaining a constant environment) depends upon appropriate movement of materials across the cell membrane.
Required materials must pass into the cells so they can be utilized.
Ex. Oxygen and glucose for cellular respiration
Waste materials must pass out of the cells as they are produced
Ex. The CO2 produced as a waste product of cellular respiration

4. How?
Membrane movement animation
Each individual cell exists in a fluid environment, and the cytoplasm within the cell also has a fluid environment. The presence of a liquid makes it possible for substances (such as nutrients, oxygen, and waste products) to move into and out of the cell.
Materials can enter or exit through the cell membrane by passive transport or active transport.

5. Types of Cellular Transport
high
low
Weeee!!!
Passive Transport
cell doesn’t use energy
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport
cell does use energy
Protein Pumps
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
high
low
This is gonna be hard work!!

6. Passive Transport Movement from High [ ]Low [ ] cell uses no energy
molecules move randomly
The random motion of molecules occurs along the concentration gradient meaning molecules spread out from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Movement from
High [ ]Low [ ]

7. 3 Types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion – is the spreading out of molecules across a cell membrane until they are equally concentrated.
2. Facilitative Diffusion – diffusion with the help of transport proteins
3. Osmosis – diffusion of water specifically

8. 1. Diffusion
Diffusion: random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Diffusion continues until all molecules are evenly spaced (equilibrium is reached)-Note: molecules will still move around but stay spread out.

9. Facilitated diffusion (with Channel Protein)B
Facilitated diffusion: diffusion of specific particles along the concentration gradient (High  Low) with the help of transport proteins found in the membrane
Transport Proteins are specific – they “select” only certain molecules to cross the membrane
Transports larger or charged molecules that cannot pass through the membrane on their own
Glucose is an example of a molecule that passes into the cell through facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion (with Channel Protein)
Diffusion
Carrier Protein

10. 3. Osmosis
Osmosis: diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Water moves from a high concentration of water to a low concentration of water
Because water is so small and in such abundance, the cell cannot control its movement through the cell membrane.

11. Effects of Osmosis on Life
Water moves freely through pores.
Solute (green) too large to move across.
Reminder:
Solute: what is being dissolved
Solvent: what dissolves the solute
In salt water, the solute is the salt and the solvent is the water

12. Hypotonic Solution
Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell. (Low solute; High water)
Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the cell): Cell Swells and bursts open (lyse)!

13. Result: Water moves out of the cell into the solution: Cell shrivels!
Hypertonic Solution
Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low water)
shrinks
Result: Water moves out of the cell into the solution: Cell shrivels!

14. Isotonic Solution
Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell.
Result: Water moves equally in both directions and the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)

15. In what type of solution are these cells?B C A
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic

16. How Organisms Deal with Osmotic Pressure
Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them from over-expanding. In plants the pressure exerted on the cell wall is called turgor pressure.
A protist like the paramecium has contractile vacuoles that collect water flowing in and pump it out to prevent them from over-expanding.
Salt water fish pump salt out of their specialized gills so they do not dehydrate.
Animal cells are bathed in blood. Kidneys keep the blood isotonic by remove excess salt and water.

17. Movement from Low [ ]  High [ ] Active Transport
Requires the cell to use energy
Actively moves molecules to where they are needed
Molecules move against the concentration gradient - from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
Movement from
Low [ ]  High [ ]

18. 3 Types of Active Transport
1. Protein Pumps
2. Endocytosis
3. Exocytosis

19. 1. Protein Pumps -transport proteins that require energy to do work
Sodium Potassium Pumps (Active Transport using proteins)
1. Protein Pumps -transport proteins that require energy to do work
Example: Sodium / Potassium Pumps are important in nerve responses.
Protein changes shape to move molecules: this requires energy!

20. 2. Endocytosis: taking bulky material into a cell by forming a vesicle
Uses energy
Cell membrane in-folds around food particle
“cell eating”
forms food vacuole & digests food
This is how white blood cells eat bacteria!

21. Types of Active Transport
3. Exocytosis: Forces material out of cell in bulk
Membrane surrounding the material fuses with cell membrane
Cell changes shape – requires energy
Ex: Hormones or wastes released from cell
Endocytosis & Exocytosis animations