1. Warm Up: 4/3
5 minutes: answer the MCQ below and finish your Castro activity from yesterday.
#1: Who might have sympathized with the point of view depicted in the cartoon?
Pro-Communist Cuban revolutionaries
Brazilian peasants during the 1900s
The pro-capitalist American establishment
Soviet Union leaders

2. Today we will:
Describe how the government (and others) responded to civil rights movements in the 1950s and 1960s
Guided Notes and Doc Analysis
Key Concept 8.2

3. Key Civil Rights Achievements Prior to 1950
Jackie Robinson:
Broke the MLB color barrier on April 15, 1947
Executive Order 9981 (1948):
Desegregated the US military
A. Phillip Randolph:
Civil Rights advocate
Led to FDR banning segregation in defense industries (Executive Order 8802)

4. Emmett Till
August, 1955, 14 year old Till visited family in Mississippi
After allegedly saying “Bye baby” to the white clerk, he was kidnapped and murdered
His mother insisted on an open casket
The defendants were found not guilty via an all- white jury

5. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Thurgood Marshall
NAACP lawyer, argued on behalf of Brown, future justice
Earl Warren
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
States must desegregate schools with “all deliberate speed”

6. Southern Resistance to Brown
Massive Resistance:
Senator Harry Byrd of Virginia
Many Southern schools were shut down, rather than desegregate
Southern Manifesto (March, 1956):
Signed by 96 members of Congress
Argued that the Supreme Court abused its power – education was NOT mentioned in the Constitution
"The original Constitution does not mention education. Neither does the 14th Amendment nor any other amendment.”

7. “Little Rock Nine”
Governor Orville Faubus of Arkansas resisted desegregation of Little Rock High School
Used the National Guard to keep black students from entering the school
After a court ruled the Guard to leave, students were harassed by a mob
Eisenhower sent federal troops to allow the students in
“We are a nation in which laws, not men, are supreme.”
1st time since Reconstruction the military intervened to protect African American rights

8. The Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)
December 1, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat
Black churches played a large role in organizing the boycott
Women’s Political Council (WPC):
Telephone tree
Martin Luther King, Jr. – 26 years old
Drew on ideas from Jesus, Thoreau, and Gandhi
1 year after Rosa Parks was arrested, Montgomery busses were desegregated

9. Test Tips Essay Topics: Tips for Multiple-Choice questions: Good Luck!
Types of protest – civil rights, wars, etc.
Comparing 1950s – 60s with previous time periods
Tips for Multiple-Choice questions:
Brown reversed Plessy
Eisenhower’s response to Little Rock
King was influenced by Thoreau and Gandhi
Good Luck!

10. MCQ Practice: Read the stimulus Discuss answers with your table group
Reach a consensus
Be ready to share out

12. Sit-ins and Freedom Rides
Greensboro, North Carolina Sit-in
February 1, 1960
4 black students sat at a segregated counter of a Woolworth’s 5 and Dime Store
As the week progressed, more students joined in
Inspired sit-ins across the country
Also inspired “wade-ins,” “kneel-ins,” and “bowl-ins”
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
“Freedom riders” wanted to challenge segregation on interstate buses in the South
Wanted to force the Justice Department to enforce desegregation laws
Birmingham, Alabama
Freedom Riders were attacked by a white mob
September, 1961 – ICC enforced the ban on segregation

13. Ole Miss and “Bombingham”
James Meredith:
28 year old black Air Force Veteran registered at University of Mississippi
500 federal marshals were attacked by a mob when Meredith tried to enroll
Kennedy ordered 30,000 troops to restore order
Martin Luther King focused on Birmingham
King and others were arrested for protesting
“Letter from a Birmingham Jail”
Drew on Thoreau’s and Gandhi’s ideas of civil disobedience
“an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law.”
Eugene “Bull” Connor:
Used fire hoses and dogs to break up protests
The advent of TV helped spread awareness of atrocities

14. Alabama and a March Governor George Wallace
Vowed to avoid desegregation at the University of Alabama
Gave a speech prior to two black students registering
Kennedy realized he could no longer negotiate the issue of civil rights
Helped present the civil rights issue as a moral one
Asked Congress to pass laws that support voting rights
August 28, 1963:
Largest civil rights protest in history (200,000 +)
“I have a dream”

15. MLK and Malcolm X MLK: Malcolm X: Civil disobedience
Believed black could be American AND African
Major goal was desegregation
“Love thy enemy”
Assassinated in April, 1968
Malcolm X:
Born Malcolm Little, became a member of the Nation of Islam
Advocated “black revolution” and black separatism
Appealed to frustrated African Americans
Assassinated in February, 1965

16. Key Acts and Terms Civil Rights Act of 1964:
Guaranteed equal access to public accommodations
Created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Government could cut off funds where discrimination occurred
Voting Rights Act of 1965:
Federal government could register voters
Eliminated literacy tests for voting
The number of African Americans registered to vote in the South skyrocketed
De Jure Discrimination:
Discrimination by laws
De Facto Discrimination:
Discrimination by custom and tradition

17. Important Organizations
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Helped register blacks to vote in Mississippi (5% were registered in 1964)
Later, under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael, SNCC focused on black power
Black Panthers (1966):
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
Advocated the arming of blacks against white police

18. Test Tips Essay Topics: Tips for Multiple-Choice questions: Good Luck!
Types of protest – civil rights, wars, etc.
Comparing 1950s – 60s with previous time periods
Tips for Multiple-Choice questions:
King was influenced by Thoreau and Gandhi
Good Luck!