1. Standalone Wind Energy Utilization Scheme and Novel Control Strategies
Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf

2. Outline Chap1. Introduction
Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme
Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Compensation Scheme
Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme
Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme

3. Outline
Appendix B. Stand-alone WECS with Universal DC-Link Compensation Scheme
Appendix C. Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme
Chap6. Conclusions and Recommendations
Publications

4. 1.Introduction 1.1 Wind Energy
Wind energy: one of the most significant, alternative energy resources.
Most wind turbines use the three phase asynchronous induction generator for it is low lost, reliable and less maintenance.
However, the voltage stability problem of a wind driven induction generator system is fully dependent on wind gusting conditions and electrical load changes.
New interface technologies are needed

5. 1.Introduction 1.2 Wind Energy Conversion Schemes
Six novel techniques and compensation schemes developed by Dr. Sharaf in this thesis are proposed.
Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor (DSSC)
Dynamic Series/Parallel Capacitor (DSPC)
Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation (DHPC)
Dynamic Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 and 2 (DUPC1&2)
Universal DC-Link Compensation (UDCC)

6. 1.Introduction 1.2 Wind Energy Conversion Schemes
Six PWM switched controllers developed by Dr. Sharaf are studied in this thesis .
Aux controller.
Tri-loop (voltage, current and power signals) error driven PID controller.
Dual-loop (voltage and current) error driven PID controller.
Tri-loop nonlinear self-adjusting Tan-sigmoid controller
Voltage regulator controller.
Tri-loop error driven sliding mode controller.

7. 1.Introduction 1.2 Standalone WECS Components
The Stand-alone WECS comprises the following main components
(1) Wind Turbine
(2) Gear Box
(3) Induction or Synchronous Generator
(4) Stabilization Interface Scheme and Stabilization Controller
(5) The Electric Load

8. 1.Introduction 1.2 Standalone WECS Components

9. Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme 2.1 Stand-alone WECS Modeling and Description
Figure 2.1 depicts the sample WECS with Dynamic
Series Switched Capacitor (DSSC) scheme

10. Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf
Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme 2.2 DSSC Compensation Scheme
Figure 4 depicts DSSC Stabilization Scheme
using Back to Back Gate Turn off GTO
switching Device (per phase).
Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf

11. Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf
Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme 2.3 Proposed Dynamic Control System
Figure 2.3 depicts Tri-loop Error Driven PID
Controlled PWM Switching Scheme
Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf

12. Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme Digital Simulation and Results
Figure 2.4 below is the Unified Sample Study A.C
Systems Matlab/Simulink Functional Model

13. Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
a) Under linear and non-linear load excursion
from 0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50% (100kVA) linear load; from s-0.6s, we apply 60% (120kVA) non-linear load.
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DSSC compensation scheme
Without DSSC Compensation
With DSSC Compensation

14. Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
b) Under Motor load excursion
from 0.2s to 0.4s, we apply a 20% (20kVA) induction motor load
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DSSC compensation scheme
Without DSSC Compensation
With DSSC Compensation

15. Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme Digital Simulation and Results
Case two: under wind excursion
From 0.3s-0.6s, the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DSSC compensation scheme
Without DSSC Compensation
With DSSC Compensation

16. Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor Scheme 2.5 Conclusions
The DSSC Facts compensation scheme is effective for generator bus voltage stabilization of the linear, non-liner load excursions as well as wind speed excursions.
But it can not compensate for large induction motor excursion.
Tri-loop dynamic error driven PID controller works well to control the compensation scheme

17. Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.1 Stand-alone WECS Modeling and Description
Figure 3.1 depicts the sample full stand-alone wind energy
system with squirrel cage induction generator, hybrid load
and DSPC compensation

18. Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf
Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.2 DSPC Compensation Scheme
Figure 3.2 showed Low Cost Dynamic Series/Parallel Capacitor
Compensations Stabilization Scheme using the Back to Back
Gate Turn off GTO1&2 switching Devices (Per phase)
Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf

19. Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf
Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.3 Proposed Dynamic Control System
Figure 3.3 showed the Tri-loop nonlinear
Self-adjusting Tan-sigmoid Controller
Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf

20. Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.3 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Figure 3.4 below is the Unified Sample Study
A.C Systems Matlab/Simulink Functional Model

21. Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.3 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
a) Under linear and non-linear load excursion
from 0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50% (100kVA) linear load; from s-0.6s, we apply 60% (120kVA) non-linear load.
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DSPC compensation scheme
Without DSPC Compensation
With DSPC Compensation

22. Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.3 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
b) Under Motor load excursion
from 0.2s to 0.4s, we apply a 20% (20kVA) induction motor load
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DSPC compensation scheme
Without DSPC Compensation
With DSPC Compensation

23. Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.3 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case Two: under wind excursion
From 0.3s-0.6s, the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DSPC compensation scheme
Without DSPC Compensation
With DSPC Compensation

24. Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.4 Conclusions
The Matllab/Simulink simulations validate that the DSPC compensation are very effective for the electric linear, non-liner, motor excursion and wind excursion.
The proposed low cost DSPC voltage compensation scheme is suitable for isolated wind energy conversion systems feeding linear and non-liner and motor type loads
The tri-loop nonlinear self-adjusting tan-sigmoid controller is effective for controlling the compensation scheme.

25. Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.1 Stand-alone WECS Modeling and Description
Figure 4.1 showed Stand Alone Wind Energy Conversion
Scheme Diagram with Hybrid Electric Load

26. Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf
Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.2 Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation scheme
Figure 4.2: Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation (DHPC)
Stabilization Scheme using the Back to Back Gate Turn off
GTO and 6 Pulse VSC-PWM Controller (3 phase)
Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf

27. Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.2 Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation scheme
Figure 4.3 below is the 6 Pulse Thyristor- VSC Converter

28. Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf
Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.3 Proposed Dynamic Control System
Figure 4.4 is the Tri-loop Error Driven PID Controller
Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf

29. Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.4 Digital Simulation and Results
Figure 4.5 is the Unified Sample Study
A.C Matlab/ Simulink Functional System Model

30. Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.4 Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
a) Under linear and non-linear load excursion
from 0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50% (100kVA) linear load; from s-0.6s, we apply 60% (120kVA) non-linear load.
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DHPC compensation scheme
Without DHPC Compensation
With DHPC Compensation

31. Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.4 Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
b) Under Motor load excursion
from 0.2s to 0.4s, we apply a 20% (20kVA) induction motor load
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DHPC compensation scheme
Without DHPC Compensation
With DHPC Compensation

32. Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.4 Digital Simulation and Results
Case two: under wind excursion
From 0.3s-0.6s, the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DHPC compensation scheme
Without DHPC Compensation
With DHPC Compensation

33. Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme 4.5 Conclusions
Digital simulation results validate that this new DHPC scheme is very effective for bus voltage stabilization under electric load disturbance including linear, non-linear load and motor load excursions.
The proposed novel tri-loop dynamic controller is very effective for the compensation scheme.

34. Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.1 Stand-alone WECS Modeling and Description
Figure 5.1 showed Stand Alone Wind Energy Conversion
Scheme Diagram with Hybrid Electric Load

35. Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf
Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.2 Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme
Figure 5.2 depicts Dual-switching Universal Power
Compensation1 (DUPC1) Stabilization Scheme
using the 6 Pulse VSC-PWM Controller and IGBT
Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf

36. Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf
Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.3 Proposed Dynamic Control System
In this research we used two novel controllers,
dual-loop error driven PID controller and Aux Controller
Figure 5.3 is the Dual-loop Error Driven PID Controller
Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf

37. Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf
Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.3 Proposed Dynamic Control System
Figure 5.4 below showed the Aux Controller
Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf

38. Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulation and Results
Figure 5.5 is the Unified Sample Study A.C Matlab/Simulink
Functional System Model

39. Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
a) Under linear and non-linear load excursion
from 0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50% (100kVA) linear load; from s-0.6s, we apply 60% (120kVA) non-linear load.
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DUPC1 compensation scheme
Without DUPC1 Compensation
With DUPC1 Compensation

40. Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
b) Under Motor load excursion
from 0.2s to 0.4s, we apply a 20% (20kVA) induction motor load
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DUPC1 compensation scheme
Without DUPC1 Compensation
With DUPC1 Compensation

41. Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulation and Results
Case two: under wind excursion
From 0.3s-0.6s, the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with DUPC1 compensation scheme
Without DUPC1 Compensation
With DUPC1 Compensation

42. Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme 5.5Conclusions
This new DUPC1 compensator scheme is very effective in stabilizing generator bus voltage as well as enhancing power/energy utilization under favorable wind gusting conditions
The novel dual-loop dynamic controller is extremely flexible and can be easily modified to include other supplementary loops such as generator power

43. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.1 Standalone Wind Energy Conversion Scheme Description
Figure B.1: Stand Alone Wind Energy Conversion Scheme
Diagram with Hybrid Load and Universal Power Compensator

44. Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf
Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.2 Universal DC-Link Compensation Scheme
Figure B.2: Universal DC-Link (Rectifier-DC-Link-Inverter)
Scheme using 6 Pulse Diode and 6 Pulse GTO (3 phase)
Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf

45. Referred to Matlab/Demo
Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.3 Proposed Dynamic Control System
In this research we used a Voltage Regulator Controller (VRC).
The figure below shows the structure of the controller.
Referred to Matlab/Demo

46. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.4 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Figure B.4 show the stand-alone wind energy
system model and wind subsystem model

47. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.4 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Figure B.5 is the Wind Subsystem Model

48. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.4 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
a) Under linear and non-linear load excursion
from 0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50% (100kVA) linear load; from s-0.6s, we apply 60% (120kVA) non-linear load.
Without UDCC Compensation
With UDCC Compensation

49. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.4 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion
b) Under Motor load excursion
from 0.2s to 0.4s, we apply a 20% (20kVA) induction motor load
Without UDCC Compensation
With UDCC Compensation

50. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.4 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case two: under wind excursion
From 0.3s-0.6s, the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
Without UDCC Compensation
With UDCC Compensation

51. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.4 Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case three: under temporary full short circuit fault (grounding) excursion.
From 0.2s to 0.3s, all loads are grounded
The figures below showed us the dynamic response of generator
voltage without and with UDCC compensation scheme
Without UDCC Compensation
With UDCC Compensation

52. Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with Universal  DC-Link Compensation Scheme B.5 Conclusions
This new UDCC compensator scheme is very effective in stabilizing the generator bus voltage under all electric loads and wind gusting conditions as well as full three phase short circuit fault.
the UDCC Facts-device showed its special advantage that it can compensate for full three phase short circuit fault.
The Voltage stabilization is complex and suitable in large wind farm utilization scheme with one load collection center

53. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.1 Standalone WECS Description
Figure C.1 showed the Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy
Conversion Scheme Diagram with Hybrid Electric Load
and Switching DUPC2 Scheme

54. Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf
Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.2 Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation Scheme2
Figure C.2 showed Dual Switching Universal
Power Compensation (DUPC2) Scheme2
Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf

55. Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf
Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.3 Proposed Novel Controller System
Figure C.3 is the Tri-loop Error Driven Sliding Mode Controlled PWM Switching Scheme with Dynamic Switching Surface
Developed by Dr.A.M. Sharaf

56. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulations and Results
Figure C.4 below is the Unified Sample Study A.C
Matlab/Simulink Functional System Model

57. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulations and Results
Figure C.5 is the Diesel Driven Synchronous Generator
Energy Subsystem Matlab/Simulink Model

58. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulations and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion (Wind driven generator energy system only, no diesel driven generator)
a) Under linear and non-linear load excursion
from 0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50% (100kVA) linear load; from s-0.6s, we apply 60% (120kVA) non-linear load.
Without DUPC2 Compensation
With DUPC2 Compensation

59. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulations and Results
Case one: under electrical load excursion (Wind driven generator energy system only, no diesel driven generator)
b) Under motor load excursion
from 0.2s to 0.4s, we apply a 20% (20kVA) induction motor load
Without DUPC2 Compensation
With DUPC2 Compensation

60. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulations and Results
Case two: under wind speed excursion (Wind driven generator energy system only, no diesel driven generator)
From 0.3s-0.6s, the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
Without DUPC2 Compensation
With DUPC2 Compensation

61. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulations and Results
Case three: under three phase temporary short circuit fault
(Combined wind-diesel energy system)
From 0.1s to 0.2s, the system experienced three phase short
circuit fault, and from 0.1s to 0.4s the standby diesel generator
was put into operation
Without DUPC2 Compensation
With DUPC2 Compensation

62. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulations and Results
Case Four: Under the Diesel Engine Mechanical Output
Power Excursions (Combined wind-diesel energy system)
From sec the output of diesel engine mechanical power increases 100% (0.3pu) and from sec it decrease 100% (0.3pu).
Voltage of Gen Bus
Current of Gen Bus
P&Q of Gen Bus

63. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulations and Results
Voltage of Load Bus
Current of Load Bus
P&Q of Load Bus

64. Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2 Scheme B.5 Conclusions
The DUPC2 compensation scheme is very effective for voltage stabilization under the linear, non-liner and motor load excursions as well as wind speed and diesel on-off excursions.
During emergency three phase short circuit fault condition, the standby diesel generator can keep the voltage of the generator bus at 1.0pu.
The proposed wind/ diesel energy system combined with stabilization scheme DUPC2 is fully suitable for all isolated wind energy conversion systems in the range 0.5-2MW.

65. Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Conclusions
Six schemes developed by Dr.A.M.Sharaf are fully validated and compared in table 1 next slide.
1: Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor compensation scheme (DSSC)
2: Dynamic Series/Parallel Capacitor compensation scheme (DSPC)
3: Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation scheme (HPC)
4: Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation scheme1 (DUPC1)
5:Universal DC-Link Compensation scheme (UDCC)
6:Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation scheme2 (DUPC2)

66. Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Conclusions
DSSC
DSPC
HPC
DUPC1
UDCC
DUPC2
Elements
Switched
Series
CAPs;
Fixed
Parallel
1 GTO
Series and
2 GTO
Switched 6
pulse
GTO;
DC Cap
6 pulse
DC Cap;
filter;
2GTO;
1 IGBT
Diode;
RLC
switched
1GTO;
2IGBT
Controller
Used
Tri-loop
PID
Tan-
sigmoid
Dual-loop
PID; Aux
Voltage
Regulator
Sliding
Mode
Switching
PWM
(200 Hz)
(195Hz)
(195 Hz)
(1000 Hz)
N/A

67. Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Conclusions
Availability
Linear,
Nonlinear
and wind
excursions
,Motor
Nonlinear,
Motor and
wind
Motor,
full fault
Performance
Limited
Good
Better
Best
Complexity
Simple
Complex
Cost
Low
Reasonable
High
Suitable Size (kw)
50-500
Large
Utility

68. Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Conclusions
Rules of How to Choose Controllers
Tri-loop error driven PID controller is suitable and popular for all compensation schemes, but sometimes we are not satisfied with it, so in some cases it is not the best one.
When we are not satisfied with tri-loop error driven PID controller, we have to develop or find a new controller for example: the Voltage Regulator Controller which is better than tri-loop error driven PID controller for DUCC.
If a simpler controller (for example: dual-loop error driven PID controller and Aux controller) or any other controller (for example: the nonlinear self-adjusted tan-sigmoid controller Tri-loop error driven sliding mode controller) is as good as tri-loop error driven PID controller then we will not use the tri-loop error driven PID controller so that we can have many choices.

69. Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Extensions
The proposed novel stabilization schemes can be extended to other hybrid energy schemes such as solar/small hydro/micro-gas/hydrogen fired turbine/biomass/fuel cell, microgas turbines and hybrid systems.
The era of hydrogen technology is dawning with new hybrid fuel technologies using PV/Wind/ Small Hydro to produce hydrogen from water. This hydrogen will be used in remote sites in producing electricity via Fuel Cell large units

70. Publications:
A.M. Sharaf, and Liang Zhao, “A Low Cost Dynamic Voltage Stabilization Scheme for Stand Alone Wind Induction Generator System”. ICCCP05 Oman (Accepted).
A.M. Sharaf, Liang Zhao, “A Hybrid Power Compensation Scheme for Voltage Stabilization of Stand Alone Wind Induction Generator System”. CCECE05 (Accepted).
A.M. Sharaf, and Liang Zhao, “A Universal Power Compensation (UPC) Scheme for Voltage Stabilization of Stand Alone Wind Induction Generator System”, 2005 IEEE Conference on Control Applications, August 28-31, 2005, Toronto, Canada. (Submitted)
A.M. Sharaf, and Liang Zhao,“A Dual Switching Universal Power Compensation Scheme for Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System”, 8th International Conference on ‘Electrical Power Quality and Utilization’, Sep 21-23, Cracow, Poland. (Submitted)
A.M. Sharaf, and Liang Zhao, “Novel Control Strategies for Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using Dual Switching Facts Universal Power Stabilization Scheme”, EPSR- Elsevier Jounal. (Submitted)

71. Acknowledgments
I would like to express my deeply gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Sharaf, for his novel ideas, suggestions, continued guidance and full encouragement during all phases of this thesis. His valuable suggestions have greatly contributed to the quality of this research and my understanding of the stand-alone wind energy utilization system.
Great appreciation goes to my colleagues as well especially Weibing Wang, Jin Wang and Liang Yang, for their technical discussions and help during the research

72. Low Cost Stand-alone Renewable Photovoltaic/Wind Energy Utilization Schemes
Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf

73. Presentation Outline Presentation Outline
Introduction
Research Objectives
Low Cost Stand-alone Renewable Photovoltaic/Wind Energy Utilization Schemes and Error Driven Controllers
Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research
Publications
Questions & Answers

74. Introduction Photovoltaics (PV) PV cells PV modules PV arrays
PV systems: batteries, battery charge controllers, maximum power point trackers (MPPT), solid state inverters, rectifiers (battery chargers), generators, structure

75. PV cell, PV module and PV array

76. The Advantages of PV Energy
Clean and green energy source that has virtually no environmental polluting impact
Highly reliable and needs minimal maintenance
Costs little to build and operate
Modular and flexible in terms of sizes, ratings and applications

77. Applications of PV Systems
Stand-alone PV energy systems:
Small village electricity supply
Water pumping and irrigation systems
Cathodic protection
Communications
Lighting and small appliances
Emergency power systems and lighting systems
Stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems
Electric utility systems

78. The circuit diagram of the solar cell
PV Cell Model
Current source: proportional to the light falling on the cell in parallel with a diode:
• Temperature dependence of the photo-generated current (Iph).
• Temperature dependence of the reverse saturation current of the diode D0 (I0).
• Series resistance (Rs): gives a more accurate shape between the maximum power point and the open circuit voltage.
• Shunt diode D0 with the diode quality factor set to achieve the best curve match.
The circuit diagram of the solar cell

79. Nonlinear I-V Characteristics of PV Cell

80. I-V characteristics of a typical PV array with various conditions

81. PV array equivalent circuit block model
using the MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems software

82. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
The photovoltaic system displays an inherently nonlinear current-voltage (I-V) relationship, requiring an online search and identification of the optimal maximum operating power point.
MPPT controller is a power electronic DC/DC chopper or DC/AC inverter system inserted between the PV array and its electric load to achieve the optimum characteristic matching
PV array is able to deliver maximum available power that is also necessary to maximize the photovoltaic energy utilization

83. Nonlinear (I-V) and (P-V) characteristics of a typical PV array
at a fixed ambient temperature and solar irradiation condition

84. The Performance of any Stand-alone
PV System Depends on:
Electric load operating conditions/excursions/ switching
Ambient/junction temperature (Tx)
Solar insolation/irradiation variations (Sx)

85. Research Objectives
1. Develop/test/validate full mathematical models for PV array modules and a number of stand-alone renewable photovoltaic and hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy utilization schemes in MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems software environment.

86. Research Objectives (Continue)
2. Select parameters to validate a number of novel efficient low cost dynamic error driven maximum photovoltaic power tracking controllers developed by Dr. A.M. Sharaf for four novel low cost stand-alone renewable photovoltaic and hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy utilization schemes:
Photovoltaic Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC motor drive scheme: PV-DC Scheme I.
Photovoltaic DC/DC dual converter scheme: PV-DC Scheme II.
Photovoltaic DC/AC six-pulse inverter scheme: PV-AC Scheme.
Hybrid renewable photovoltaic/wind energy utilization scheme: Hybrid PV/Wind Scheme.

87. Low Cost Stand-alone Renewable Photovoltaic/Wind Energy Utilization Schemes and Error Driven Controllers
Photovoltaic Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC motor drive scheme: PV-DC Scheme I.
Photovoltaic DC/DC dual converter scheme: PV-DC Scheme II.
Photovoltaic DC/AC six-pulse inverter scheme: PV-AC Scheme.
Hybrid renewable photovoltaic/wind energy utilization scheme: Hybrid PV/Wind Scheme.

88. Photovoltaic Four-Quadrant PWM Converter PMDC Motor Drive Scheme: PV-DC Scheme I
Photovoltaic powered Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC motor drive system (Developed by Dr. A.M. Sharaf)

89. Four-quadrant Operation of PWM Converter PMDC motor drive
Quadrant 1: Forward motoring (buck or step-down converter mode)
Q1–on Q2–chopping Q3–off Q4–off
Current freewheeling through D3 and Q1
Quadrant 2: Forward regeneration (boost or step-up converter mode)
Q1–off Q2–off Q3–off Q4–chopping
Current freewheeling through D1 and D2
Quadrant 3: Reverse motoring (buck converter mode)
Q1–off Q2–off Q3–on Q4–chopping
Current freewheeling through D1 and Q3
Quadrant 4: Reverse regeneration (boost converter mode)
Q1–off Q2–chopping Q3–off Q4 – off
Current freewheeling through D3 and D4

90. Variations of Ambient Temperature and Solar Irradiation
Variation of
ambient temperature (Tx)
Variation of
solar irradiation (Sx)

91. Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral (PI) Controller
Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus Integral
control system (Developed by Dr. A.M. Sharaf)

92. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller for Trapezoidal Reference Speed Trajectory

93. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller for Trapezoidal Reference Speed Trajectory (Continue)

94. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller for Sinusoidal Reference Speed Trajectory

95. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller for Sinusoidal Reference Speed Trajectory (Continue)

96. Dynamic Error Driven Self Adjusting Controller (SAC)
Dynamic tri-loop self adjusting control (SAC) system (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

97. Digital Simulation Results with SAC for Trapezoidal Reference Speed Trajectory

98. Digital Simulation Results with SAC for Trapezoidal Reference Speed Trajectory (Continue)

99. Digital Simulation Results with SAC for Sinusoidal Reference Speed Trajectory

100. Digital Simulation Results with SAC for Sinusoidal Reference Speed Trajectory (Continue)

101. Photovoltaic DC/DC Dual Converter Scheme: PV-DC Scheme II
Stand-alone photovoltaic DC/DC dual converter scheme for village electricity use

102. Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral (PI) Controller
Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus Integral
control system (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

103. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller
Without controller With PI controller

104. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller (Continue)
Without controller With PI controller

105. Dynamic Error Driven Variable Structure Sliding Mode Controller (SMC)
Dynamic dual-loop error driven variable structure Sliding Mode Control (SMC) system (Developed by Dr. A.M. Sharaf)

106. Switching surface in the (et-ėt) phase plane

107. Digital Simulation Results with SMC
Without controller With SMC

108. Digital Simulation Results with SMC (Continue)
Without controller With SMC

109. Photovoltaic DC/AC Six-pulse Inverter Scheme: PV-AC Scheme
Stand-alone photovoltaic DC/AC six-pulse inverter scheme
for village electricity use (Developed by Dr. A.M. Sharaf)

110. Variations of Ambient Temperature and Solar Irradiation
Variation of
ambient temperature (Tx)
Variation of
solar irradiation (Sx)

111. Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral (PI) Controller
Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus Integral
control system (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

112. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller
Without controller With PI controller

113. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller (Continue)
Without controller With PI controller

114. Dynamic Error Driven Variable Structure Sliding Mode Controller (SMC)
Dynamic tri-loop error driven variable structure Sliding Mode Control (SMC) system (Developed by Dr. A.M. Sharaf)

115. Digital Simulation Results with SMC
Without controller With SMC

116. Digital Simulation Results with SMC (Continue)
Without controller With SMC

117. Hybrid Renewable Photovoltaic/Wind Energy Utilization Scheme: Hybrid PV/Wind Scheme
Stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy utilization scheme
for village electricity use (Developed by Dr. A.M. Sharaf)

118. Variations of Wind Speed (Vw)
Variation of wind speed (Vw)

119. Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral (PI) Controller
Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus Integral
control system (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

120. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller
Without controller With PI controller

121. Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller (Continue)
Without controller With PI controller

122. The loop weighting factors (γv, γi and γp)
and control gains (Kp, Ki) are assigned to minimize a
selected time weighted excursion index J0 (Developed by
Dr. A.M. Sharaf)
where
is the
magnitude of the hyper-plane error excursion vector
N= T0/Tsample
T0: Largest mechanical time constant in the hybrid system (10s)
Tsample: Sampling time (0.2ms)

123. Time Weighted Excursion Index J0
Digital simulation results of time weighted excursion index J0
with different proportional and integral gains

124. Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research (I)
1. The full mathematical models for PV array modules were fully developed including the inherently nonlinear I-V characteristics and variations under ambient temperature and solar irradiation conditions.
2. The proposed stand-alone renewable photovoltaic and hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy utilization schemes and robust dynamic control strategies were digitally simulated and validated using the MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems software environment.
3. The dynamic controllers require only the measured values of voltage and current signals in addition to the motor speed signals that can be easily measured with low cost sensors and transducers.
4. The proposed low cost stand-alone renewable photovoltaic and hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy utilization schemes are suitable for resort/village electricity application in the range of (1500 watts to watts), mostly for water pumping, ventilation, lighting, irrigation and village electricity use in arid remote communities.

125. Proposed Schemes, Controllers and Applications

126. Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research (II)
1. It is necessary to validate the proposed novel dynamic maximum photovoltaic power tracking control strategies by a specific laboratory facility using the low cost micro controllers.
2. The proposed dynamic effective and robust error driven control strategies can be extended to other control system applications. They are also flexible by adding supplementary control loops to adapt any control objectives of any systems. Further work can be focused on Artificial Intelligence (AI) control strategies.
3. The research can be expanded to the design and validation of dynamic FACTS with stabilization and compensation control strategies for other stand-alone renewable energy resource schemes as well as grid-connected renewable energy systems to make maximum utilization of the available energy resources.

127. Publications
[1] A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "A Novel Tracking Controller for a Stand-alone Photovoltaic Scheme," International Conference on Communication, Computer and Power (ICCCP'05), Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, Feb , 2005 (Accepted).
[2] A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "A Novel Maximum Power Tracking Controller for a Stand-alone Photovoltaic DC Motor Drive," 18th Annual Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE05), Saskatoon, Canada, May 1-4, 2005 (Accepted).
[3] A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "A Novel Low Cost Stand-alone Photovoltaic Scheme for Four Quadrant PMDC Motor Drive," International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Quality (ICREPQ'05), Zaragoza, Spain, March 16-18, 2005 (Submitted).
[4] A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "An Efficient Photovoltaic DC Village Electricity Scheme Using a Sliding Mode Controller," 2005 IEEE Conference on Control Applications (CCA05), Toronto, Canada, August 28-31, 2005 (Submitted).
[5] A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "A Novel Efficient Stand-alone Photovoltaic Energy Utilization Scheme for Village Electricity," 8th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization, Cracow, Poland, September 21-23, 2005 (Submitted).
[6] A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "A Novel Efficient Stand-alone Hybrid Photovoltaic/Wind Energy Utilization Scheme for Village Electricity," International Conference on Electrical Drives and Power Electronics, Dubrovnik, Croatia, September 26-28, 2005 (Submitted).
[7] A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "Novel Dynamic Control Strategies for Efficient Utilization of a Stand-alone Photovoltaic System," Electric Power Systems Research (Submitted).

128. Questions
&
Answers

129. Thank You!