1. History of Pen & Ink
The development of ink truly revolutionized human life. Ancient cultures in Egypt, Greece and Asia used ink for creating handwritten manuscripts, religious and political documents and works of art.
Ink provided people with a permanent means to keep records, create manuscripts and document the world around them.
Ink as a sophisticated artistic medium developed sometime between the 7th and 8th centuries in China, where a range of subjects, from religion, history and daily life, were illustrated using brushes fashioned from animal hair and feathers.
Applied to scrolls of paper or sheets of silk, these detailed works of art were forerunners to the approaching development of pen and ink drawings.
Ink has been used for centuries to create meticulous compositions. In addition, realistic diagrams of the anatomy helped early doctors in the study of the human body. The printing of books advanced literacy and promoted language arts. As an artistic medium used by masters, such as Rafael, Rembrandt and Picasso, ink is a versatile medium that provides a permanent record of an artistic statement.

3. Head of Leda 1504-1506 Leonardo da Vinci

4. Pen & Ink
Pen & Ink drawings are a series of marks set down on paper to resemble something the eye can recognize.
Visual texture: using marks to create the appearance of texture, highlights and shadow.
Texturing techniques: contour lines, parallel lines, crosshatching, dots or stippling, scribble lines, wavy lines and crisscross lines.

6. Value Scales using Visual Texture

7. Visual Texture Exercise
Create 6 value scales using visual texture
Complete the pen control exercises.
Create 6 value scales using visual texture.
3. Use a pen to fill in each of the value scales with the following visual textures: 1. crosshatching, 2. hatching, 3. scribbles, 4. parallel lines, 5.stippling, 6. wavy lines.
4. Check your work often to check your values. Make adjustments where necessary.