1. Aquatic Ecosystems

2. Ocean Covers 70% of the Earth’s surface ~ 2.3 miles deep 3% salt
Mostly cold & dark
Aphotic zone – sunlight cannot penetrate
Photic zone – receives sunlight

3. Ocean Zones Intertidal zone Neritic zone Oceanic zone
Covered twice daily (high tide)
Exposed to air (low tide)
Neritic zone
Extends over the continental shelf (shallow water)
Oceanic zone
Deep water of the open sea
Benthic zone
Ocean bottom
Pelagic zone
Open ocean

4. Intertidal Neritic Oceanic

5. Ocean Zones Intertidal Zone
Organisms are adapted to air during low tides
Must be able to withstand crashing of waves
Crabs burrow
Clams, mussels, oysters hide in their shells
Sea anemones cling to rocks
Sea stars use tube feet to hold on

9. Ocean Zones Neritic Zone Most productive zone
Shallow enough to allow photosynthesis
Upwellings
strong currents that carry nutrients from the bottom and mix with nutrients in runoffs from land
Plankton –communities of small organisms
Plants, animals, or bacteria

11. Upwelling

13. Ocean Zones Oceanic Zone Includes deepest part of the ocean
Nutrient poor- does not support much life
Producers are protists, bacteria, plants
Animals include fishes, mammals, and large invertebrates

17. Estuaries Where freshwater meets the sea Bays mud flats
mangrove swamp forests
salt marshes

18. Freshwater zones Lakes & Ponds Rivers & Streams Freshwater Wetlands
Marshes
Contain non-woody plants
Swamps
Dominated by woody plants
Bogs
Dominated by sphagnum mosses

22. San Francisco Oil Spill
Summary Essay
The introduction (usually one paragraph)–
1. Contains a one-sentence thesis statement that sums up the main point of the source.
This thesis statement is not your main point; it is the main point of your source.
2. Also introduces the text to be summarized:
The introduction should not offer your own opinions or evaluation of the text you are summarizing.
The body of a summary essay (one or more paragraphs) paraphrases and condenses the original piece.
(1) Include important data but omit minor points;
(2) Include one or more of the author's examples or illustrations (these will bring your summary to life);
(3) Do not include your own ideas, illustrations, metaphors, or interpretations.
You are simply repeating what the source text says, in fewer words and in your own words.