1. CARDIC CYCLE
Dr. Haseeb Sattar

2. CARDIAC CYCLE
The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next is called the cardiac cycle. Cardiac cycle is a complete beat of the heart.
Each cycle is initiated by spontaneous generation of an action potential in the sinus node.
The cardiac cycle consists of a period of relaxation called diastole during which the heart fills with blood. This period is followed by a period of contraction called systole.

3. CARDIAC CYCLE: CARDIAC VALVES

4. CARDIAC CYCLE: CARDIAC VALVES

5. CARDIAC CYCLE: CARDIAC VALVES

6. PRESSURES IN THE CARDIAC CHABERS
Aortic pressure (left ventricular pressure)
Maximum pressure (during systole): mm Hg.
Minimum pressure (during dystole): mm Hg.
Pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic) : = 40 mm Hg.
Right ventricular pressure
 Maximum pressure = mm Hg
Minimum pressure = mm Hg
Atrial pressure
Maximum right atrial pressure mm Hg
Minimum right atrial pressure mm Hg
Maximum left atrial pressure mm Hg
Minimum left atrial pressure mm Hg
 Pulmonary pressure (mm Hg)
Systolic pulmonary arterial pressure: 25
Diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure : 8

7. CARDIAC CYCLE
Cardiac cycle time : 0.8 second when heart rate is 75 beats per minute.
Atria and Ventricle go through separate cycles of systole and diastole.
When we use the term Systole and Diastole, we refer to ventricles, until unless specified for atria.

8. CARDIAC CYCLE: DURATION OF SYSTOLE AND DIASTOLE
0.3Sec.
0.5 sec. VS VD

9. CARDIAC CYCLE: VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE
Isovolumetric contraction: The left ventricle begins to contract, at this stage the pressure in the ventricles is slightly above 0-2mm Hg.
As the intra-ventricular pressure rises, it pushes the cusps of the A-V valve up and the A-V orifices are closed.
The pressure in the ventricular cavities continues to rise but remains less than that in the large arteries. Thus, the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) also remain closed and no blood enters or leaves the ventricles.

10. CARDIAC CYCLE: VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE

11. CARDIAC CYCLE: VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE
MAXIMUM EJECTION PHASE: The ventricles contract and increase the pressure more than in the large arteries.
The left ventricular pressure rises up to 120 mm Hg causes the opening of the aortic valves
Right ventiricular presssure rises more than 25 mm Hg and causes the opening of pulmonary valves so blood leaves the ventricles rapidly to the aorta and pulmonary artery
At the end of this stage, intraventricular pressure reaches its peak level.

12. CARDIAC CYCLE: VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE
REDUCED EJECTION PHASE
In this phase of the cardiac cycle, the force of contraction of the ventricles becomes weaker than the force of contraction during the maximum ejection phase. Now the pressure within the ventricles also decreases, but is still higher than that of the aorta so ventricular emptying continues.
In this phase less volume of blood flows into the aorta and pulmonary artery due to weaker contraction of the ventricles.

13. CARDIAC CYCLE: VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE

14. CARDIAC CYCLE: VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE

15. CARDIAC CYCLE: VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE
VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE [PROTO DIASTOLE]
In this stage, the ventricles relax and the intraventricular pressure decreases, becoming less than the aortic and pulmonary artery pressures.
Blood present in the aorta and pulmonary artery tends to move back into the ventricles.
At this stage the semilunar valves ( aortic and pulmonary ) are closed and do not allow entry of blood into the ventricles

16. CARDIAC CYCLE: VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE
ISOVOLUMETRIC RELAXATION
In this stage the ventricles relax further and intraventricular pressure falls.
The semilunar valves remain closed due to higher pressure in the large arteries as compared to intraventricular pressure.
The pressure within the ventricles is still higher than the atria, so the A-V valves remain closed and no blood enters or leaves the ventricles.

17. CARDIAC CYCLE: VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE

18. CARDIAC CYCLE: VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE
RAPID INFLOW
The ventricular volume increases, the pressure within the ventricles is further decreased to lower than intra atrial pressure. The left ventricular pressure decreases up to 2-4 mm Hg. This pressure is less than the maximum left atrial pressure (6-9mm Hg). This change in pressure causes the opening of left AV (biscuspid / mitral) valve. So blood which was accumulate in the left atrium rush into the left ventricle.

19. CARDIAC CYCLE: VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE
RAPID INFLOW
Right ventricular pressure decreased up to 0-2mm Hg. This pressure is less than the maximum right atrial pressure (6-8mm Hg). This change in pressure causes the opening of right AV (tricuspid) valve. So the blood which was accumulate in the right atrium rush into the right ventricle.

20. CARDIAC CYCLE: VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE

21. CARDIAC CYCLE

22. CARDIAC CYCLE: VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE
Reduced inflow
At the beginning of this phase most of the blood has already entered the ventricles.
Remaining blood in the atria also flows into the ventricles.
Atrial systole
Once again the atrial muscle fibers start to contract, indicating the beginning of a new cardiac cycle.

23. Tachycardia, Effect on Cardiac Cycle
During Tachycardia, when heart rate is increased, both systole and diastole time decreases.
Diastole length (time) is shortened much more than systole length. Therefore it
reduces the time for ventricular relaxation and filling.

24. SUMMARY CARDIAC CYCLE EVENTS: OPENING AND CLSOSING OF VAVLVES

25. CARDIAC CYCLE: ASSOCIATION WITH HEART SOUNDS

26. CARDIAC CYCLE: ASSOCIATION WITH HEART SOUNDS

27. CARDIAC CYCLE: ASSOCIATION WITH
HEART SOUNDS

28. CARDIAC CYCLE I. VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE
Iso-volumetric contraction of ventricles (0.05 sec )
Maximum ejection phase (0.112sec)
Reduced ejection phase. (0.141 sec )
0.303 Sec
2. VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE
Protodiastole ( sec)
Isovolumetric (isovolumic ) relaxation ( sec)
Rapid inflow ( sec)
Reduced inflow ( sec)
Atrial systole ( sec )
sec. [0.8 Sec]

29. CARDIAC CYCLE: ASSOCIATION WITH HEART SOUNDSVS VD
0.3Sec.
0.5 sec.
1 st Heart Sound
2 nd Heart Sound
3 rd Heart Sound
4 th Heart Sound
HEART SOUNDS
AS – Atrial Systole; AD – Atrial Diastole ; VS – Ventricular systole; VD – Ventricular diastole

30. CARDIAC CYCLE: ASSOCIATION WITH HEART SOUNDS
0.3Sec.
1 st Heart Sound
2 nd Heart Sound
Maximum ejection
period
Reduced ejection
period
Isovolumetric contraction
period
Ventricular Systole
AS – Atrial Systole; AD – Atrial Diastole ; VS – Ventricular systole; VD – Ventricular diastole

31. CARDIAC CYCLE: ASSOCIATION WITH HEART SOUNDS
0.5Sec.
3 rd HS
2 nd HS
4 th HS
Reduced Filling
Phase
Maximum Filling
Phase
Isovolumetric Relaxation
Phase
1 st HS
Protodiastolic Period
Ventricular Diastole
HS – Heart Sound

32. VOLUME CHANGES DURING CARDIAC CYCLE

33. Stroke Volume: It is a volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per beat. It is about ml.
Stroke volume (SV) = EDV – ESV
End Diastolic Volume: Volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of diastole.
It is about 120 – 130 ml.
End Systolic Volume: Volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of Systole. It is about 50 to 60 ml

34. Volume changes during cardiac cycle

35. Events of cardiac cycle showing left ventricular pressure, volume changes, & phonocardiogram35

36. Ejection fraction (EF) is the percentage of ventricular end diastolic volume (EDV) which is ejected with each stroke.
EF =
SV (EDV – ESV)
EDV
X 100 75
X 100 = 62.5%
120
Normal ejection fraction is about 60 – 65 %.
Ejection fraction is good index of ventricular function.